 " the turtle ill expert of prevention and cure talk "( chapter sword write ).
The document press publication of science and technology.
Content brief introduction
This book raise turtle cooperation net expert chapter sword engineer from nation-wide health to write, exposition our country raises the problem that turtle trade has , especially aims at factory to melt , gather contract to melt raise turtle " 3 is in height of "( high temperature , the degree of high density , pollute high) cause turtle disease to grow, the condition that difficult miscellaneous disease arises continuously, seminar turtle ill research and the present situation of prevention and cure are centralized , introduce the new accomplishment of turtle ill research field, include: Guard against that disease is raised , turtle and infectious turtle are ill , attack sexual turtle disease, ill original pathology, turtle ill prevention and cure and health protection Cu long dose , the application of Chinese herbal medicine , turtle medicine classfication have discussed Taiwan and the relation of turtle disease and environment with role, turtle ill diagnosis and countermeasure turtle breed problem.
Whole book content thorough shallow notice that theory and practice combine , can operatingness is strong. Suit every level, raise turtle special field grind with amateur to read. Purchase this book, is equal to to rest, turtle expert asks home, so as minimum put in to get true benifit. For relevant research courtyard the universities reference of teachers and students and the Scientists and Technologists of place as large raise turtle enterprise and raise the technical guidance of turtle specialist to use book.
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¡ïA kind of specific drug of prevention and cure of the soft-shelled turtle white disease of base plate is developed , succeed.
A kind of specific drug of prevention and cure of the soft-shelled turtle white disease of base plate from " the turtle ill expert of prevention and cure talks ", author studies with great concentration , and verifies by Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hainan and the Hubei relapse of and other places, effect is especially notable. After not only becoming sick , can control it promptly to stretch, 2 course of treatment can treat to recover, and prevention effect is also very obvious, Hangzhou 3 raise the 2 greenhouses in turtle site to raise the turtle this spring continuous use of last winter this medicine prevention, as a result, do not occur any disease, another 1 last years greenhouse raise turtle just begin only short time take orally this medicine, rear stop clothes, so far in year, earlyFebruary begins to occur the white ill, rear this site of base plate, decide to take this medicine continuously. Therefore prevent the white disease of base plate, must use this medicine continuously.
The white disease of base plate is to begin in 1997 in nation-wide a lot of raise turtle area to appear, is in successive years unceasing , can arouse break out sexual death, conventional medicine can not be controled , and has relapse feature, death rate can cause whole army to collapse very high, had been raised , turtle circle name is cancer.
Need this medicine, raise turtle site can with " the turtle ill expert of prevention and cure talks " author connect , the investment business who has intention can cooperate to build factory.
Connection telephone: 0512-5208131 and 013951112930
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Turtle white point is ill to be the prevention and cure with the disease of milkness
¡ª ¡ª the extracts " the turtle ill expert of prevention and cure talks "
Zhang Jian
For milkness and white a little two turtle diseases now, dispute is greater. Normally, the cause of disease of report milkness disease is woollen mould, the cause of disease of white a little disease is angry only afterbirth bacterium. Han Xian Piao ( 1997 ) think that milkness disease has two condition, milkness and white point. Two cause of diseases are different , but do not be that woollen mould arouses. Luo loyal far ( 1998 ) think , in vain a little disease includes the milkness disease that fungus kind ( woollen fungi ) arouse ( focus district 3 ¡« 5 millimeters ) , is in vain a little and ill as germ kind ( angry only afterbirth bacterium ) arouse ( in vain a little diameter 1 ¡« 3 millimeters ) and the in vain a little disease that microorganism arouses specially ( in vain a little diameter 0.5 ¡« 1 millimeters ). From the in vain a little disease that microorganism arouses specially , now do not have yet for disease medicine. According to observation, this disease will not directly endanger as turtle causes , but after droping , wound is easy to infect by germ. So under the prerequisite of correct diagnosis, the especially notice regulation of water quality does not use antibiotic, or necessity is taken orally few antibiotic.
A, white point is ill
Fall ill turtle is young young turtle mainly. Become sick peak in young turtle hatching 1 months as well as enter greenhouse 1 months , if not carry out effective treatment in time, death rate can rise in few days to 30%, sometimes the destruction of whole army. It can spread all over the whole body if white is counted , with belly department with a maximum of ( Cai picture 3-8 ). If counting sesame size in vain, besides the pearl form in skin suddenly, very like spore insect focus. Choose broken evidently white pus liquid. Serious, white point enlarges , has not even edge, phenomenon has to fester.
1. Cause of disease
Is addict to water angry only afterbirth bacterium and mild angry single afterbirth bacterium. In which, mild angry only afterbirth bacterium goes through medicine quick experiment , is plain in colour for celebrating big mould , Fu Nan Zuo ketone and erythromycin etc. is high quick.
2. Treat
¢Ù whole pool sprinkle to sprinkle erythromycin 10 ¡Á 10-6 20 ¡Á 10-6; Chloromycetin powder 3 ¡Á 10-6; Head Bao antibiotic 0.5 ¡Á 10-6; Do good to all Nuo 0.5 ¡Á 10-6 ¡« 1 ¡Á 10-6.
¢Ú take orally to celebrate mould vegetarian meal, per the kilogram turtle world of one hundred and fifty thousands unit. Continuous 6 days is 1 course of treatments; Erythromycin or terramycin, per kilogram turtle use medicine 0.1 ¡« 0.2 gs. Reply new Nuo tomorrow, per kilogram turtle use medicine 0.1 ¡« 0.2 gs.
¢Û in forage in add the vitamin of high quantity. Per one-hundred thousands g turtle, use 7.5 chloromycetin gs ( or celebrate the mould plain in colour unit of twenty millions ) every day , vitamin K3300 milligram, vitamin C12 g and vitamin E5 g mix bait throw to feed, continuous 15 days.
¢Ü comprehensive treatment. When becoming sick , should change water first thoroughly, then the day of 1th use 500 ¡Á 10-6 sodium bicarbonate and 500 ¡Á 10-6 salt ( or the salt of 0.4% ) whole pool sprinkle to sprinkle, the day of 3th use 2.5 ¡Á 10-6 2 oxidize chlorines ( or 2 ¡Á 10-6 4 ¡Á 10-6 gallnut ) whole pool sprinkle to sprinkle, continuous 3 days. Besides treat must be at the same time taken orally medicine treat , in kilogram bait material, add 1 g vitamin Es, 1 g vitamin Cs and the g chloromycetin of 1.5 the day of 352.0 , even feed.
2, milkness is ill
1. Diagnosis and the cause of disease of milkness disease
Cause of disease belongs to fungus kind of woollen fungi department ( Mucoraceae ) for woollen fungi ( Mucor sp £® ), so, again claim that woollen mould is ill.
Diagnosis method: So long as puting ill turtle in water basin , make water flood and turtle body, evidently, turtle back has a piece milkness ( Cai picture 3-9, 3-10 ). Become sick initial stage, only in skirt side part, it is rear to develop gradually to back arms and legs , Geng department and belly department etc., milkness, epidermis spoils guadually to die, Beng untie , even bleed , infect after ammunition germ, concurrent stale skin is ill. When fungi parasitism goes to the throat department of turtle, since turtle respiration is difficult, guadually death, it is dull to be on the point of dead turtle, on edible Taiwan or pool slope, do not be willing to enter the water. Mirror Jian, evidently white bacterium silk body.
2. The method of prevention and cure
Prevention milkness disease goes on from 4 aspects: ¢Ù thoroughly clear pool. Normally use 150 ¡Á 10-6 raw lime, or 100 ¡Á 10-6 good fortune Er horse forest. ¢Ú careful operation, do not make turtle body be injured. ¢Û cultivate fat water quality, make pool water show pale green colour, transparency control in 30 ¡« 40 centimetres, it is especially in new pool new water, fungi have quick Zhi the trend that breeds , therefore to regulate water quality. ¢Ü Shen use antibiotic. Since antibiotic has to promote this disease, the role of development. In practice, if examine this ill mistake , inject or use terramycin with penicillin to soak , accelerate its death as a result for germ turtle disease. If use two-hundreds thousands unit £¯ the medicine of kilogram turtle weight quantity penicillin for the Chinese turtle who contracts the disease of serious milkness inject after, about 30 minutes for can death, soak ill turtle one with terramycin for night for but death. Compare to use penicillin same dosage for healthy turtle inject , it is unusual to not discover.
Treatment milkness disease can adopt 5 kinds of following method: ¢Ù the law of painting. Mold with g Zuo paint focus, link every day one times to use 3 ¡« five. After painting till wind, blow the dry offal or after suns trunk under sunlight. This law had better keep apart mainly used in serious ill turtle, in treating course, treat the next pool after recovers. ¢Ú soak the law of washing. 5 minutes soaks with the salt solution of 4% to wash turtle body or 4 ¡Á 10-6 inferior shell base orchid soak for a long time to wash. ¢Û sprinkle the law of sprinkling. Sprinkle with the water soda mixture whole pools of 0.05% and the salt of 0.05% to sprinkle; The 0.05 of carbolic acid ¡Á 10-6; Inferior shell base orchid 3 ¡Á 10-6; Good fortune Er horse forest 50 ¡Á 10-6 ¡« 100 ¡Á 10-6; The 4 of potassium permanganate ¡Á 10-6; 2 oxidize chlorine 2.5s ¡Á 10-6; Traditional Chinese medicine the 10 " milkness net" ¡Á 10-6 fry juice sprinkle to sprinkle. ¢Ü day sun therapy. As the first young turtle that becomes sick uses this law effect, better. Put turtle sunlight sun 30 ¡« 60 minutes, it is every day one, relapse some of. ¢Ý add vitamin E5 g / one-hundred thousands g turtle, mix bait to throw feed , continuous 15 days.
3. Cause of disease is analysed
As factory melts to raise the swift development of turtle trade, buies everywhere to kiss turtle, young turtle and young turtle, these turtles has wild turtle , breeds turtle and market switch turtle ( the turtle of secondary market ) as well as overseas turtle, source is complex. Turtle draw kind, now, have not established quarantine system, the milkness and that turtle has taken that purchases is ill with other eqpidemic diseases. Draw kind course, since catching , transportation , put raise etc. link operation not Shen is injured , before pool, turtle body is sterilized and not tight , turtle put to raise density exceptional etc., cause the influence of pathogen for turtle easily , occur disease. Therefore us want strict can draw kind barrier, stop to lead into ill turtle.
Good sterilized barrier very important. This is to implement the chief link in principle mainly with prevention. Before turtle takes off pool, it is strictly sterilized to go on , there will be specific aim on method, according to the popular season of turtle disease with become sick peak condition decision adopt what kind of medicine, for fungus turtle, it is sterilized that disease soak with dyestuff kind of medicine to wash, for germ and parasiticness turtle disease, will distinguish to treat. For pond , tool etc. disinfect , clear away incomplete bait, will often eat Taiwan from water in pull put under sunlight Pu sun to kill bacterium.
For milkness ill and stale leather ill complication, it is outside to so exclude because of can not use antibiotic when treating to use dyestuff kind of medicine sterilized turtle body, according to germ stale leather disease, also, will notice to regulate water quality , prevent that water body transparency is exceptional , turtle tears mutually to bite body table damage, cause germ influence, medicine can choose the 10 of bleaching powder ¡Á 10-6 whole pool sprinkle to sprinkle, or use 30 ¡Á 10-6 furazolidone soak to wash 30 ¡« 40 minutes, or 10 ¡Á 10-6 sulphanilamide kind of medicine soak to wash 48 hours, fear is taken orally with terramycin and tetracycline or penicillin and streptomycin , celebrate mould vegetarian meal inject.
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Shell Quan the application in aquaculture
Zhang jian
( Jiangsu province Suzhou city huqiu district agricultural department, 215,007 )
It is complex that the disease of aquatic animal occur reason to compare, sum up have: ( 1 ) the nutrition of forage not overall. In forage lack the growth of aquatic animal mineral matter etc. and the vitamin with necessary place, cause breed object malnutrition, disease-resistant ability weakens; ( 2 ) the major water quality that arouses because of incomplete bait and night soil worsen , offer to breed place for pathogen; ( 3 ) plenty of conditions deliver ill pathogen multiply and attack the organism of aquatic animal; ( 4 ) operation not careful, cause the damage of aquatic animal. So the disease of aquatic animal is because of forage , environment and cause of disease , send main interaction arouse , cut off in which any a chain link , is the one of channel of the effective disease of prevention and cure of aquatic animal. What this paper discuss is that use shell Quan ( Formalin ) for water quality disinfect , restrain and kill to extinguish pathogen , reduce the microorganism of cause of disease and the biomass of parasite, hinderance broken pathogen this important chain link, in order to reach the purpose of the control disease of aquatic animal. On June 18,1998 FDA ( American food and medicine management board ) have approved will shell Quan is used in owning have some funguses on fin fish egg as well as own have sheet and some body table protozoons of fin fish Zhi the control of fluke.
1 takes affect
Shell Quan is the shell of 40% Quan aqueous solution, have vigorously stimulate smell , is protein coagulating agent , can restrain virus, germ, fungus, parasite and plankton, in the vaccine produce of aquatic product add the shell of 1% frequently Quan confrontation extinguish work. In tortoise turtle factory melts to breed, use shell Quan can play the part of peculiar effect for the disease of prevention and cure. According to experiment shell Quan the minimum lethal density for turtle is 200 ¡Á 10-6 density 400 ¡Á 10-6, bear in average ( TLM ) 24 hours of 1130 ¡Á 10-6, in 48 hours 580.3 ¡Á 10-6, in 96 hours 400 ¡Á 10-6, safely density 45.9 ¡Á 10-6, recommend to use: Dipping 50 ¡Á 10-6 ( the hour of 1 202 ), sprinkle to sprinkle ¡Á 10-6( poplar first happy etc., in 1995). Shell Quan dilute solution in low density can use in the case of aquatic animals, the body outside pathogen that is used to treat the most fish mainly counts disease, especially seawater fish sperm, skin mucus disease and the fluke for skin and branchia department , has quite good curative effect.
Shell Quan the branchia organization that can consume the oxygen in water as well as hurts fish , can make epidermis protein and the mucus of fish solidify , therefore sprinkle to sprinkle density high, for the branchia of fish , body table have harm. Environment and the temperature in its medicine effect and use concerning, water warm up in 23 ¡« 26 ¡æ , for eel 48 hours of biggest safe density is 56 ¡Á 10-6, general actual use sprinkle to sprinkle 30 ¡Á 10-6 is harmless , but water warm up in 28 ¡æ more than , the plankton in pool water has to kill, extinguish role, it is bad to arouse water quality easily to change. In treatment course need to increase water fully dissolve oxygen the branchia department that measures as well as notices to observe ill fish whether occur unusual condition, in order to proper handling, once occuring any bad unusual reaction, must stop treating , and move ill fish arrive clean just water dissolve the water quality with rich oxygen environment in go. Shell Quan for seawater do not have vertebra biology can also cause strong poison. In factory melts to breed, shell Quan same can for filter the nitrification in system can produce bad influence, when stoping make to after, need to replenish immediately to add nitrify bacterium.
Shell Quan in deposit possibility produce 3 assemble shell Quan become muddy or produce white sediment, assemble because of 3 shell Quan have very high toxicity, if discovery has few 3 to assemble, shell Quan form , before using , must filter it, or add to warm up to 65 ¡æ, after disappearing , white sediment uses again. 3 assemble shell Quan in low temperature as well as illumination can accelerate to form, thus solution must be placed in warm and dark place.
2 dosages
2 £® 1 clear pools
Use quantity is 200 ¡Á 10-6, do pool clear pool or tape water clear pool ( 20 cm is shell deep ), because of shell Quan major composition is Quan, and shell Quan is a kind of material that volatilizes easily , therefore have no incomplete toxicity for pool base. Consideration revolves around to economize cost , select shell Quan is better than the 2 with higher price oxidize chlorine.
2 £® 2 soak to wash
Normally with 100 ¡Á 10-6 soak to wash 3 hours, 250 ¡Á 10-6 soak to wash 1 hours, can treat the fish parasite disease that 3 arouses for insect and other protozoons; 30 ¡Á 10-6 solution soak to wash 24 hours can kill wheel insect, tongue a cup of insect, ring insect and little melon insect. Actual application adopts different density and time according to different object. If use 30 ¡Á 10-6 the shell of density Quan solution soak to wash the beard of 3 trouble acting insect diseases Nian only 30 minutes; Soak with the solution of 3% the minute of 2 water mould disease35% to wash lay eggs fish nest need only, can prevent; For the stimulate of yellow croaker Yin nuclear insect disease ( in vain a little disease ), 60 ¡Á 10-6 shell Quan soak the bath minute of 1520; The case of aquatic animals is used , high density scope in 150 ¡Á 10-6 dipping treatment 500 ¡Á 10-6, carry out , time control in the minute of 30 a course of treatment60 is , need to implement the of 23 everyday, until symptom disappears ,; Seawater breed sterilized medicine had better be shell Quan, but the body table of prevention and cure fester and various parasite disease, measure and disinfect time with medicine to part is: Shell Quan density 100 ¡Á 10-6 ¡« 300 ¡Á 10-6, disinfect time 5 ¡« 30 minutes; Used in the fish of mandarin fish breed in bait material fish disinfect , throw to feed former bait material fish option 60 ¡Á 10-6 time 100 ¡Á 10-6 shell Quan for bait material fish soak to wash disinfect , soak to wash with the minute of 1030 it is advisable.
2 £® 3 sprinkle to sprinkle
Is used to treat fish little melon insect ill and tortoise turtle fungus venereal disease and the germ complication of venereal disease frequently. For fish sprinkle to sprinkle density 20 ¡Á 10-6 30 ¡Á 10-6, for tortoise turtle kind of 30 ¡Á 10-6 50 ¡Á 10-6. For the stimulate of yellow croaker Yin nuclear insect disease ( in vain a little disease ), earth pool is 20 ¡Á 10-6 30 ¡Á 10-6 whole pool sprinkle to sprinkle; The case of aquatic animals is used , general density in 15 ¡Á 10-6 day 25 ¡Á 10-6, can count continuously. When the condition of aquatic animal is serious or for some difficult illnesses can use shell properly Quan with alkalescence green mixture whole pool sprinkle to sprinkle, necessity but with inferior shell base blue mixture sprinkle to sprinkle, if according to in vain a little complication and the milkness of turtle, using this kind of mixture, because of shell Quan with the inferior shell base blue mixture of matching after, shell Quan can adsorption dyestuff, toxicity strengthens , effect has also big side effect , therefore need to be correct to grasp time and the density of use, adopt at any time to change water measure. For fish, use reaction excessively, 150 ¡Á 10-6 density in 5 hours control , fish can arise death, the fish body colour of poisoning changes weak.
3 is applied
Salmon department fish and tortoise turtle kind for shell Quan have higher endure by sex, shell Quan can efficiently the salmon department fish little melon insect ill and tortoise turtle clock shape insect disease of prevention and cure. But for the anchor head with common fish flea with other Rao enough kind of parasite invalid.
3 £® 1 shells Quan in beard Nian breed in application
Beard Nian 3 acting insect diseases, pathogen belongs to flat shape animal door, sheet Zhi fluke key link. Symptom: The 3 insect body parasitisms of acting insect in fish body table or branchia petal on, ill fish body table glue liquid grow. Infect lightly, body table has the red little point of a lot of hyperemias; It is serious to infect , skin and muscle lose , expose fin bone or vertebra, ill fish external symptom have been considered accidentally frequently fight mutually to hit damage. The 3 influence rates of acting insect are very high , cause ill fish plenty of deathes frequently. Use 30 ¡Á 10-6 the shell of density Quan solution soak to wash ill fish 30 minutes, continuous 2 ¡« 3 d.
3.2 shells Quan in 3 writing fishes breed in application
Son little melon insect is one of major parasite diseases of 3 writing fishes. Symptom is it, after parasitism on fish branchia produce glue liquid in large quantities, present naked eyes evidently little white point, some ill fishes grind body and expression worry sideways. The method of prevention and cure, use 250 ¡Á 10-6 shell Quan for ill fish soak bath 1 hours, per 2 days one, it is continuously three.
3 £® 3 shells Quan in eel breed in application
Raise eel develop period , a lot of breed household like to use Fu Nan Zuo ketone ( furazolidone ) add shell Quan the treatment meshed branchia disease of eel, some even return it regard as "unique skill" use. Beginning use effect very good, but do not be all right slowly. Because of shell Quan the plankton in pool water have very strong kill to extinguish role, it is bad to arouse water quality to change, eel can appear to take edible decline , has affected the growth of eel.
3 £® 4 shells Quan in add state perch, snakehead and the fish of mandarin fish breed in application
Is a lot of to breed household in snakehead , add state perch , the fish ponds such as the fish of mandarin fish in use shell Quan, cause fish suddenly eye and thin body , take edible bad, growth speed reduce slowly etc. phenomenon. Though shell Quan for kill to extinguish wheel insect and the insect effect of inclined tube definite good, but its side effect for sensitive fish is also fairly big, because it has corrosion role, can deliver fish branchia organization inflammation.
3 £® 5 shells Quan in tortoise turtle breed in application
In tortoise turtle breeds , discovery tortoise turtle disease is compared , general disinfectant is hard to be controled. And use shell Quan for water body sterilized effect notable. Normally in new water pour into to breed pool before, use 30 ¡Á 10-6 virus, germ, fungus and parasite disease 50 ¡Á 10-6 shell Quan for the pool water body of temperature adjustment handle , can prevent efficiently, especially the prevention effect for the clock shape insect disease of common tortoise turtle can reach 100%. Used in treatment, if count for the concurrent turtle white of germ and fungus with milkness complication, with shell Quan with inferior shell base blue mixture, specific method is use 100 first ¡Á 10-6 shell Quan with 1 ¡Á 10-6 3 2 ¡Á 10-6 inferior shell base blue mixture whole pool sprinkle to sprinkle, after 5 hours use ¡Á 10-6 everyday one chloromycetin 5 ¡Á 10-6 chloromycetin whole pool sprinkle to sprinkle, mixture uses only one times , and has , link to use three times, do not change water in duration, 1 course of treatments can be recovered. In treatment course if use the inferior shell base of high dosage blue, need to increase water fully dissolve oxygen quantity as well as notice observation ill turtle whether occur unusual condition, once discovery should surge to respond, it is uneasy that ill turtle shake the head on water surface, should rush immediately water or change water.
Bibliographical reference
[ 1 ] poplar study army. Leather beard Nian common ill prevention and cure. Beijing aquatic product, in 2001 3: 12
[ 2 ] Zhang sword: The turtle ill expert of prevention and cure talks. , Beijing: The document press of science and technology, 1999
[ 3 ] Zhang sword: Tortoise forage and the tortoise ill expert of prevention and cure are talked about. , Beijing: The document press of science and technology, 2001
¡ª ¡ª publish in the magazine " fishery is modernized " 2,001.5 P. 1819
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The cold treatment method of Cuora trifasciata
Clinical symptom: Exterior appear to have no difference with normal tortoise, major expression ill tortoise respiration is hurried , serious per 5 minutes of face , boil four times, just like cough form, afterwards, head is been unable and hang low to breed vessel bottom, take meal to stop.
Occur reason: Difference in temperature arouse , especially a storm attacks rear 2 d for the money tortoise who is suning the back around, begins to discover this disease , is actually to catch cold to cause the influence of the upper respiratory tract.
Inject method: Intramuscular injection, after position limb base department. 1th DK20 IU/kg of ten thousands 3 d, use per d1 , continuous 3 d; D of 4th stops medicine; 5th DK20 IU/kg of ten thousands 7 d, use + VC2ml/kg, per d1 continuous 3 d; D of 8th stops medicine; 9th QD15 IU/kg of ten thousands 11 d use + ENSX2ml, per d1 continuous 3 d. Via 3 course of treatments, the treatment of 11 d, condition improves step by step, recover finally , and return to normal to take meal.
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