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Slider controls to warm up, breed new technology
Zhang Jian
Agricultural technical advice station of Suzhou new area, liberates eastern road No.588
[ Abstract ] Slider control to warm up breed technology in our country get significant advance. In 12,500,000 nation-wide Sliders the contract of 80% ten millions have adopted to control warm up to breed technology, use the time of 11 months only, young tortoise can raise 700 g merchandise tortoises. Greenhouse investment is little , needs 100 Yuan only per square metre. New technical outstanding expression in insulation, forage and trimming etc. aspect. After greenhouse top adopts double-deck insulation material, indoor temperature and water warm up between the best state that can maintain 0 difference in temperatures. Adopt Peng melt pellet forage, water pollution is alleviated , forage coefficient has 1.2 only . " trimming " change water method can maintain water quality fresh, environment is stabilized. Because of technical maturation market space big, though sprout kind cost is high, economic benefits are still notable. Develop Slider according to local conditions vigorously to control warm up to breed prospect wide.
[ Key words ] Slider, control to warm up, technology
1 greenhouse structures.
The very layer handling of greenhouse technology is the key in greenhouse structure. According to main structural, tortoise pool structure , enter to drain system , add warm system with increase oxygen system difference introduction.
1.1 main structures.
Form a complete set 15000 Sliders breed scale, need greenhouse practical area 500 m2, 540 m2 of floor area as well as working room 60.75 m2, greenhouse build to include add warm installation , increase oxygen system , enter to drain system as well as working room in, need to invest in fifty thousands Yuan and each 100 Yuan of square metre only. Greenhouse from land face to build, indoor altitude is of 2.1 m , south north to, length is of 40 m , span is of 13.5 m. All sides wall body altitude is 60 cm, the lined foam with thick 3 cm board insulation. With diameter, bend " the arch frame of steel tube " for the galvanizing pipe of 4 cm and wall thick 2 cm, statified top handling from outside difference is net flat ( 2 finger mesh ) , net flat, plastic film, oil woollen shuttlecock, the thick rice straw of 5 cm and the thick foam board of plastic film and 3 greenhouse top material defence4 cm, lead along with net rope to pull to ground, so as compress tightly wind. In the working room of south end installation long 13.5 m and 4.5 m width of greenhouse, is used to place to add warm equipment, production information, as well as staff life mainly , at the same time guard against wind together for greenhouse increase to fight cold protective screen , is helpful to keep warm. This kind of greenhouse because of insulation effect good, can control water body and the air in greenhouse nearly have no difference in temperature, reach the 30 of constant temperature ¡æ best state.
1.2 tortoise pool structures.
It is two rows of, each row of pool to raise tortoise pool installation and pool wall join the together wide, long 40 m of 6.5 m, intermediate pavement is rectangle for the 40 m length and width of 0.5 m, each pool 30 m2 grows , is wide is 6 m high ¡Á 5 m ¡Á 0.6 m, pool top presses to prolong 810 cm. To guarantee to change the new water of constant temperature normally, need to build the pool of temperature adjustment, its configuration in greenhouse import the first row of raise the top of tortoise pool around, it is 4.608 m3 to install 2, each pool volumes, it grows , is wide is 3.6 m high ¡Á 1.6 m ¡Á 0.8 m. Raise tortoise pool is brick build cement structure, wall use cement wipe light, in order to avoid tortoise body scratch, pool base makes pot base shape , is all around high, intermediate and low to drain as soon as possible , blowdown.
1.3 enter to drain system.
Into more water more partial comparisons, the simple, PVC wirereinforced suction hose that receives the 2 inches of internal diameter by the pool of temperature adjustment reaches , is each to raise tortoise pool, basis change water needs, release 30 ¡æ the hot water of constant temperature. Drain part major from scupper pipe with drain ditch composition, from each raise tortoise pool pot shape base center receive the scupper pipe with diameter of 10 cm, under pool queue up dark pipe to raise the export of a side of tortoise pool, and the two side in pavement set up a row of ditch each, besides pool, wall drainage exit joins one with raise the high leather pipes such as tortoise pool, normaliy mention in pool wall top, when draining lay aside to drain ditch. Run away to prevent tortoise to follow when draining , in pool base drainage exit the installation fence railings of stainless steel.
1.4 add warm system.
Form a complete set the greenhouse of 500 m2 need to invest in 8000 Yuan only, by body of heater, flue, hot waterpipe, the pipe of cold water and the pool of temperature adjustment, form to add warm system. The installation of body of heater in work indoor, with greenhouse wall body close is linked , the diameter of body of heater is of 0.85 m, of 2 m , body of heater divide into two minutes volume, between use 2 inches of pipe connection, top high 0.42 m and bottom are 1.58 m high , to mediate pressure, on top top and bottom stove wall first difference installation 1 angry 4s is put in charge of extend to outdoor ( is higher than water tower ). In arch center receive diameter the effluent pipe of 10 cm the pool of temperature adjustment in greenhouse, and before be in charge of into greenhouse receive 1 upright upward 4 minute make windpipe ( this pipe is higher than the pool of temperature adjustment ), in order to mediate pressure further. In outdoor build water tower 1, the long 4 m and 3.6 m width of water tower are 0.5 m high , store water 7.2 tons, tower is 0.5 m higher than stove. Tower and stove, tower and the pool of temperature adjustment , stove and the pool of temperature adjustment use diameter each the pipeline connection of 10 cm, and set up switch respectively. When changing water, open related switch, water tower because of installation than body of heater is the switch of the water tower and pool of temperature adjustment high , hydraulic pressure makes the hot hydraulic pressure in stove be to the pool of temperature adjustment , if water is warmed up high, can open , pours into cold water to carry out regulation, when the pool temperature of temperature adjustment reaches best temperature 30, ¡æ close switch. To measure the temperature of the pool of temperature adjustment, can put a foam board in the pool of temperature adjustment , insert above into sense to warm up probe, another end joins to the temperature instruction table in working room , is observed easily. To survey the temperature development change in greenhouse, normally, 1 installation digital temperature instrumentation and water warm Table 1 rise to lay, is in working room. It is warm that flue is used in the air in greenhouse to add, it wears room and forms the word shape " mutual" , flue diameter 15 cm, material choose the welding of stainless steel become. Since flue is longer, must in flue export connection 1 air exhausters, its power is 500 w, refer to price 400 Yuan. The switch of air exhauster is settled in working room , is operated easily, when adding warm stove to add fuel, open air exhauster. Normally add fuel every day two times for insurable hold greenhouse best temperature. Because of energy saving, use coal to add the warm coal, that needs the g of 30 best 30one-hundred thousands every day only around, can make the greenhouse air and water body of 500 m2 reach ¡æ the requirement of constant temperature, and can use firewood as fuel.
Recommend to use " the tortoise turtle greenhouse voluntarily hot energy saving of boiler circulation add warm installation " ( Chinese patent ZL01217344. 4 ) especially, hot waterpipe is joined by the top export of body of heater to a angle of the pool of temperature adjustment, the pipe of cold water receives from the another angle of the pool of temperature adjustment ( with hot waterpipe export for angle ), return the bottom that receives body of heater , form reflux , add warm rear, hot water automatic cycle , satisfy constant temperature to change water needs.
Besides also have use steam boiler add to warm up, extend greenhouse to raise turtle add warm technology, use already some raise turtle greenhouse raise tortoise. Form a complete set specificly for 0.5 tons of each steam boiler for greenhouse 1800 ©O, breed area 1520 completely ©O( normally every greenhouse 450 ©O, the 380 of net area ©O). Whole journey consume coal 150 tons, put to raise quantity is as high as 68,400, according to this calculation each tortoise consume in average coal 2.3 kg. Thus it can be seen steam boiler add to warm up consume can greater. Raise tortoise with this method in Jiangsu Wu river comparison universal, with once, put to raise , the degree of high density that caught repeatedly breed pattern. Per square metre, put to raise 45 Sliders, for present greenhouse raise tortoise density Zhi most.
1.5 increase oxygen system in greenhouse add warm environment take off , tortoise trip lung respiration increases the installation of oxygen system, is to alleviate the change of water quality mainly with maintenance air fresh, for a tortoise creation healthy ecological environment that bred reduce disease occur. This system from Luo Ci air-blower , increase oxygen pipe gentlely bubble stone oxygen first composition. Form a complete set the greenhouse of 500 m2 make hardworking rate be 1.1 kw Luo Ci air-blower, can choose the virtue Philip brand of good quality ( Zhejiang virtue clear city new city have to sell ), machine work is stabilized , noise is little, more reliable , refer to price 750 Yuan. Jiangsu suitable mood is cheap as producing , the Yuans more than 600 can be bought. Increase oxygen pipe to choose the white plastic pipe with diameter of 10 cm, know to raise tortoise pool each, receive again with little leather pipe in pool , is terminal to be bubble stone oxygen head , place 8 angry heads per pool.
2 raise management.
Greenhouse breed Slider is factory actually melt to breed, with the degree fair way of high density of breeding that melts approximately , normally, it is 30 each square metres to put to raise density, in raising management, the most important link includes: The forage management and difference in temperature and management of water quality are managed.
2.1 water qualities are managed.
Water quality is to raise the most important factor in tortoise environmental adjusting control. Is crucial to be " trimming " , smell a taste of foul smell specificly for entering every day one times to drain, removing sewage first, just laying aside the blowdown of scupper pipe and going to black sewage evidently, wait for the water colour that discharged to change settle mention scupper pipe, stop blowdown. Pour into new water again in pool, reach original water level.
To maintain water quality, is not polluted by the microorganism of cause of disease , carry out necessary sterilized handling for the pool water body of temperature adjustment , can be the raw lime of 25 ppm with end density; And for raising tortoise pool water body, regularly each 15 days is disinfected one time, using end density is the 2 oxidize chlorines of 0.5 ppm. In tortoise sprout put to raise link use salt or potassium permanganate disinfect. The medicine requirement of use does not have the requirement that is remained and is produced according to green food, from fountainhead, guard a pass , carry out health to raise tortoise. Use tiny ecological preparation as far as possible , do not abuse antibiotic.
To guarantee that air is fresh to stabilize with water quality, for pool water, increase oxygen. Open the aerator hour of 1617 every day. To maintain tortoise to take the steady environment in meal, when throwing bait, stop start an instant.
2.2 throw bait management.
Normally, use formula feed , is helpful to prevent water pollution , raise forage utilization rate , reduce bait material coefficient. Use Slider of large scale manufacturer production to use privately Peng melt forage, quality is reliable , reference price is each ton of 7200 Yuan. In young tortoise issue can use powder form material, make group form to put in the edible Taiwan that makes to wooden frame encryption net flat on, enter young tortoise to raise into stage cancel edible Taiwan directly put in water surface on. Put in Peng melt forage float in water surface on, observe tortoise easily take edible condition, regulate at the right moment to throw bait quantity. Throw the frequency of bait every day is , Slider young tortoise raises during individual heavy 500 g, day throw bait three times, difference is 6: 00 . 13: 00 . 21: 00; Individual weight reaches 500 g more, day throw bait two times, difference is 6: 00 . 18: 00. Throw bait control every time in 10 minutes eat around. Peng melt the vitamin in forage is below , use the method of spraying in forage in add again square vitamin, suitable quantity increase vitamin C add quantity ( each kilogram forage add 2 immunity disease-resistant force4 g ), in order to avoid should surge to respond, raise.
2.3 difference in temperatures are managed.
Difference in temperature is the big enemy who raises tortoise , raise the management of difference in temperature in tortoise that is most easy to overlook this important link. Greenhouse raise the difference in temperature in tortoise come from mainly in Slider put to raise , change water , become tortoise make some links such as pool. Put to raise notice greenhouse rise gradually to warm up, rise every day to warm up 12 ¡æ; When changing water, remember " etc. warm up to change water ", the safe scope of difference in temperature, young tortoise issue 1 ¡æ, young tortoise issue 2 ¡æ, tortoise issue 3 ¡æ; With reason, when making pool greenhouse cool down gradually, cool down every day 12 ¡æ. Otherwise tortoise can produce strong should surge to respond, serious occur lung spoil Gan, dissect evidently extravasated blood Dou, and occur so called unknown death. Therefore to insist accomplish etc. warm up , creation constant temperature is environmental.
3 raise tortoise result.
The 500 regular greenhouses of square metre, breed 1.50000 Sliders, sprout price is as high as the basic condition of 11 Yuan to take off, pass through 11 months breed , directly cost 26.850000 Yuan, the 37.420000 Yuan of output value, the 10.570000 Yuan of grass profit. Change sentence words to say that control to warm up breed Slider use two hundreds and seventy thousands Yuan change three hundreds and seventy thousands Yuan, in year benifit one-hundred thousands Yuan. As this scale suit family to control warm up to breed, is peasant become rich a social connections.
3.1 breed period. Slider control to warm up breed period is 11 months normally around. Put to raise Slider sprout time the end of July the beginning of August, gains merchandise tortoise adopts to catch, reserve the method of Xiao De , when breeding month of 8 second batch9, it is the first batch of to catch , in 11 months, catch , whole journey finishes. The first batch of Slider specifications reach 750 g around , take the 50% that produced always around , are second to criticize average specifications to reach 650 g around, produce average specifications always 700 g.
3.2 breed cost Slider breed cost press the year of 20032004 actual condition, with the regular greenhouse of 500 m2 breed 1.50000 analyse , tortoise sprout( each 11 Yuan) 16.50000 Yuan; Forage( coefficient 1.2, per 500 g forage 3.6 Yuans individual weightening finish to 700 g) ninety thousands Yuan ( in average each tortoise 6 Yuan ); Add warm consuming 0.750000 Yuan ( each tortoise 0.5 Yuan ); Increase oxygen consuming 0.450000 Yuan ( each tortoise 0.3 Yuan, with actual condition to open the aerator hour of 16 the period calculation of 11 months17 and the 400 Yuan per month of charge of electricity every day around , breed ); Medicine 0.150000 Yuan ( average each share 0.1 Yuan ). Amount to directly production cost 26.850000 Yuan ( do not go to exclude man-days and depreciation ), in average each tortoise production cost is that 18 Yuan controls.
3.3 breed benifit.
Pass through 11 months control to warm up breed , Slider average specifications can reach 700 g , are bred because of adopting health, technical level is higher , survival rate can reach 99%, sell price press market par each kilogram 36 Yuan calculation, it is 10,395,000 g and the total 37.420000 Yuan of output value to breed 1.50000 Slider last outputs, 25 Yuan controls average each tortoise. Exclude directly production cost 26.850000 Yuan , grass profit is 10.570000 Yuan, in average each tortoise grass profit is that 7 Yuan controls.
4 technical economies are appraised.
4.1 control to warm up breed more Slider more technical comparison maturation.
From greenhouse build to raise management have a set of effective health breed with the management method of abbreviated version. If be low to invest in the ecological technology of trimming water quality and the greenhouse structure of high insulation , Peng melt to expect the 0 warm controls of difference in temperature of method, greenhouse temperature and water that reduce bait material coefficient. The technical greenhouse that adopts low investment, high insulation and the type of energy saving is designed , build cost need to control per the 100 Yuan of square metre, greenhouse insulation performance considerable satisfaction, can control water warm synchronism and the temperature in greenhouse, reach best temperature 30 ¡æ. And general greenhouse hollow temperature degree at least than water warm high 3 ¡æ control , this sees less in general greenhouse. Have energy-saving function to add the use of warm system, can make each tortoise add warm cost from the Yuan of 1 0.5 Yuan2 of conventional method fall to. " is trimming " change water method is the type ecology of energy saving raise tortoise infiltration arrive to control warm up to raise the crucial place in tortoise new technology. Pot base shape raise tortoise pool design, blowdown needs trimming once promptly thoroughly every day only , can guarantee that it is fresh to raise tortoise pool water quality , has energy-saving function to reduce book. Use Peng melt forage, observe easily to take edible condition, incomplete bait is lost , water pollution is alleviated. In the aspect of guarding against disease, begin from environmental adjusting control and biological adjusting control, insist in order to avoid mainly with, use to do not have remain medicine, do not abuse antibiotic , use tiny ecological preparation and regulation ecological balance as far as possible, actually, balance is healthy. In the course of breeding grasp this 6 words " water quality, forage and difference in temperature" tightly the technical key contained.
4.2 Slider control to warm up breed cost is high.
The major reason that causes is kind sprout problem. In cost forms , kind sprout cost takes to breed the 61.45% of cost, forage cost takes to breed the 33.52% of cost, two strong tendencies suit to take 95% around. Analyse from technical layer surface, forage cost is not high, bait material coefficient is already low , has only 1.2, each Slider 700 g of weightening finish, consume forage cost only 6 Yuan. It is that kind sprout cost is the warm major factor that bred high that restriction Slider controls. For 2003 years, Slider sprout highest price reaches each 12.1 Yuan, in this example, the Slider sprout 11 Yuan of buying cost is each 10.6 Yuan specificly for the buying cost of July 25, on August 2, buying cost is each 11.3 Yuan. Therefore to rise , Slider breeds economic benefits , will first solve kind sprout problem, advocate vigorously from numerous from breeding sprout, this is also health raise the part of tortoise, because decreasing is imported or from other places, introduce tortoise sprout , can stop the tape of cause of disease to enter, when necessity is imported , should strengthen quarantine. From this example, can still find out , if grow sprout can self solution, or low-priced transfer has higher benifit. If enter sprout price each 7.1 Yuan in average according to 2002 years but from in which increase to obtain the 3.9 Yuan of net profit, breed 1.50000 Sliders increase profit 5.850000 Yuan always.
4.3 popularize Slider control to warm up breed technology.
Slider control to warm up breed new technical characteristic is greenhouse investment less, technical content is high , economic benefits notable, and but other suitable water perch the kind of tortoise breed. Now, it is greater to raise tortoise market space, it is good to select the water quality of source of water according to local conditions , the place of environmental peace and traffic convenience, popularize actively to control warm up to raise tortoise new technology, prospect is wide.
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SNAPPING TURTLE BREED TECHNICAL
AND MARKET PROSPECT
Zhang jian
[ Abstract ] Snapping Turtle is the new kind that introduced in recent years from abroad, its looks is peculiar , meat rate has delicious taste high, it is rapid to grow up to breed, after CCTV focal point is recommended , breed grow increasingly, industrialization process accelerates. Relevant Snapping Turtle breed technical and market prospect is the subject in great demand that reader most cares for , discuss at this point.
[ Key Words ] Snapping-turtle Technology Prospect
Snapping Turtle divides into Alligator Snapping Turtle and Common Snapping Turtle and Alligator Snapping Turtle for kind again well-known protruding Snapping Turtle of the back, Common Snapping Turtle again claims flat Snapping Turtle of the back, Common Snapping Turtle divides into 4 subspecieses. The major difference of Alligator Snapping Turtle and Common Snapping Turtle lies in its back scultellum to rise, along with the increase of age, Alligator Snapping Turtle has young Common Snapping Turtle all along apparently , young issue obvious, tortoise issue is not so stressed. Snapping Turtle produce in North America, our country introduces from 1996, since its looks is peculiar , end thorn bushes You like crocodile. With growth speed see that it is slow that Alligator Snapping Turtle grow up in childhood, when growing up after 250 gs, growth speed accelerates , go to 2500 gs, from 250 gs under man-days controls warm condition only the time of 1 years, in nature the individual of biggest appearance reach one-hundred thousands g more. It is slow that Common Snapping Turtle grow up below 50 gs, from the length of 7 g to the needs of 50 g around 80 days, under controling warm condition, the young tortoise around 50 gs that the length of Common Snapping Turtle controls to 2500 g or 7 gs grows 1500 gs in average, need 1 years only. The discrepancy of Alligator Snapping Turtle and the growth speed of Common Snapping Turtle is habits mainly difference cause , the temper of Alligator Snapping Turtle is lazy , do not be good at the "tongue" that takes meal initiatively and relies on bearing a strong resemblance to earthworm to lure little fish " get hooked ", Common Snapping Turtle can take edible, growth speed initiatively, want quickly some, therefore domestic Common Snapping Turtles that breeds to be more than Alligator Snapping Turtle than the nature of Alligator Snapping Turtle.
1 The biology property of Snapping Turtle
1 £®1 Classfication positions
Snapping Turtle is subordinate to in spine rope animal door ( Chordata ) , vertebrate inferior door ( Vertebrata ) , crawl key link ( Reptilia ) , tortoise turtle inferior key link ( Chelonia ) , tortoise turtle eye ( Testudormes ) , song Geng tortoise inferior eye ( Cryptodira ) , the department of Snapping Turtle ( Chelydridae ) , Snapping Turtle is ( Schweigger ). The scientific name of Alligator Snapping Turtle: Macroclemys, English is well-known: Alligator Snapping Turtle; The scientific name of Common Snapping Turtle: Chelydra Serpentina sap., English is well-known: Common Snapping Turtle, the subspecies of Common Snapping Turtle4 is respectively: 1 ), acutirostris is South American to draft Snapping Turtle , and claims false Snapping Turtle; 2 ), osceola Buddha state drafts Snapping Turtle, it can increase 17 inches , weight 45 lbs; 3 ), rossignonii China and the United States drafts Snapping Turtle, again fit Nie tortoise; 4 ), serpentina is North American to draft Snapping Turtle, tortoise again claims to kowtow.
1 £®2 Country of origins
Spread mainly in North America with in America, with American southeast is contained. Miami is Snapping Turtle important produce district. Snapping Turtle has in America since the area of distribution is not same " south tortoise " with the name of " north tortoise ", its body colour divides into " yellow the back ", have high temperature resistant Snapping Turtle with 2 kinds of yellow the back of " dark the back ", dark Snapping Turtle of the back endures low temperature. Our country introduces mainly from Florida, kind is most of besides very few Alligator Snapping Turtle to be Common Snapping Turtle, now the province of distribution have Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hainan, Guangdong, GuangXi, Hunan, Shandong and Sichuan etc..
1 £®3 Suitable warm scope
2 ¡æ the shallow state of winter sleep 38 ¡æ normal life, 1 ¡æ can live through the winter normally more, 12 ¡æ below enter , 6 ¡æ enter depth winter sleep, 15 ¡æ meal 17 ¡æ few campaign, 18 ¡æ take more normally, 20 ¡æ meal 33 ¡æ best campaign , look for , 28 ¡æ 30 ¡æ best growth, 34 ¡æ move more less, bend in benthic and silt in is away for the summer.
1 £®4 Build and biggest record
The first raw build 8 79 cm and 107 kg10 g, general adult build 6176 cm and 7791 kg of Alligator Snapping Turtle are biggest to record ( American Chicago Brookfield Zoo ); The difference with ordinary tortoise egg ( ellipse ) is the egg shape of Common Snapping Turtle is ball form, it is white , diameter 23 715 g33 mm, egg values.
1 £®5 Appearance features
The probably hawk mouth form of Alligator Snapping Turtle of the upper jaw, it is big to catch , head , Geng department and belly department whether several antenna, on the shell of the back have 3 convexity Zong go to edge spine, brown colour, each piece of scultellum have to rise thing, belly shell brown, the shield of upper edge and end are longer , the bottom of oral cavity has the ware attached of a worm shape , bends over water frequently quietly , opens mouth , borrows the ware attached to guide edible nearby fish.
It is little that the probably hook form of Common Snapping Turtle of the upper jaw but catch , antenna has few, behind shell palm yellow or dark brown colour only, have Sub_clause of 3 Zong trip edge spine, rib shield summary bulges , along with time pass edge spine gradually wear and tear. Belly shell pale colour, paramount reason shield and end have short summary, the most notable feature is that the reverse side of end has a spine of jagged outlines, again weigh end thorn bushes.
1 £®6 The differences of male and female
The back with female Alligator Snapping Turtle shell submit square, end base department is fine , reproduction pitch behind shell tailing edge submits rectangle than the near shell of the back of maleness, end base department is thick and long , reproduction pitch behind shell tailing edge is more far.
It is outside that Common Snapping Turtle exclude above-mentioned feature, reproduction hole locate in tail first hard thorn bushes in or with tail first hard thorn bushes level even is female, and reproduction hole locate in tail first hard thorn bushes besides is maleness.
1 £®7 Life habits
Alligator Snapping Turtle and the basic habits of Common Snapping Turtle are similar. Normaliy in water, not fight , and on land can onrush fierce bite. Alligator Snapping Turtle can turn the other first animals of surprise attack, Common Snapping Turtle can turn head together with body to change direction, seek attack goal, even catch up to bite. Finger and toe have web, water perch sex, cease to perch when be salty water area deep river, lakes and mire , , occasionally, contact. In man-days breed condition take off , Snapping Turtle has better adaptability for shallow water and deepwater , but should give the environment of shallow water in young tortoise stage since swimming ability is not strong. The feeding habits of Snapping Turtle are miscellaneous , meat, the shrimp, frog and fish of principal food , Rong Yuan , little snake, duck and aquatic bird, between edible water plant, next fruit. Like night campaign , take meal. Alligator Snapping Turtle and Common Snapping Turtle breed habits not complete as, mating issue Common Snapping Turtle is the egg and month of 4 month of 5 growth level and the size of tortoise8 ( the area of high temperature can be advanced and prolong to lay eggs time )11 in America , lays eggs in the area of lower reaches in the Yangtze River of our country to expect, normally, the of 15 evidently 4000 g weights40 lays eggs every time, actual condition basis kiss change , in reproduction season dissect kiss tortoise bosom egg quantity 80, in which, hard shell has 20 eggs. Lay eggs repeatedly for 1 years. The author have seen 9000 gs kiss tortoise produce per year egg 110, is fertilized completely and hatch young tortoise. Alligator Snapping Turtle in American mating issue is month of 2 month of 464, lay eggs to expect, the of 1052 lays eggs every time. Under natural condition, the hatching issue of Alligator Snapping Turtle and the egg of Common Snapping Turtle is the week of 918, weather is more cold and dry hatching issue can longer. Man-days controls the warm hatching issue that can shorten the egg of Snapping Turtle , the 32 of constant temperature ¡æ by 60 days can hatch Snapping Turtle around.
2 Breed technology
2 £®1 Tortoise pools build
Tortoise site build recently should choose in source of water the convenient place of good, environmental peace and traffic, tortoise pool main part includes: Tortoise pool, edible Taiwan and land , enter to drain system , overflow water mouth, in which, land uses the place with tortoise rest mainly, in kiss tortoise pool land part is used to build lay eggs site.
Tortoise pool is brick build cement structure, in pool, surface is wiped with cement mortar solely , has been been abrasive in order to avoid the skin of tortoise. Normally, can also establish round for the rectangle of thing length and south north width. Size according to local conditions, depth 50 120 cm80 cm, most depths do not exceed. Pool week the defence that makes 8 side10 cm flee to return, again fit to press prolong. The rectangle pool base difference in degree of installing incline slope, circular pool base installation is convenient for blowdown into pot base shape.
Eat Taiwan 1/3 enter water, 2/3 show water surface, with water surface submit 30 ¡ã incline , actually in underwater part is again called as to draw slope, on water, part is edible Taiwan, if being to kiss tortoise pool, on the water of edible Taiwan still have partially to guide tortoise climb to lay eggs the function of site. Edible Taiwan installs the north side dynasty south in tortoise pool to the width of more reasonable, edible Taiwan to be 2 m around, length is the 80% of pool side length. Site wide 2 the thin sand of deep 2030 cm3 m lays eggs , length is consistent with edible , in site, fill. Lay eggs site top put up defence canopy, is helpful for tortoise in rain for day lay eggs.
Into the diameter of scupper pipe at least 10 cm, in order to quickly enter to drain speed, at the same time is helpful to queue up net sewage to pay attention is drainage exit must set up in edible Taiwan below or nearby, because eat the dirty thing nearby Taiwan with a maximum of tortoise take meal after like in edible nearby excrete. Overflow water installation in the tortoise pool wall top highest place of water level, discharge organic suspension thing and storm seasonal flood discharge easily.
After being established , tortoise pool will soak again and again with clear water, at least for 1 weeks time, exclude alkalescence. Thereafter, give birth to lime with 150 ppm to disinfect , can just put after changing new water to raise.
2 £® 2 Snapping Turtle breed
2.2.1 Kiss tortoise option
Kiss tortoise general option wild original kind, ask health , do not have wound and internal injury, more than age 5 years specifications 2.5 kg more than, best 45 kg. If choose a person for the job work the system kind of Snapping Turtle that bred , must select 4 ages more, the healthy tortoise with specifications more than 6 kg is kind tortoise. Sexual maturation female kiss tortoise bosom egg condition whether good can feel through eye sight and hand , solely thorough etc. method inspection, maleness kiss tortoise lively can move. No matter female tortoise is still quick for male tortoise to take action , is face light Chu its head, Snapping Turtle should open open immediately, send out to shout Zha sound, violent innate quality shows. Hand pull to kiss the legs and feet of tortoise return to shrink strong show physique better. Observe the head of tortoise carefully Geng whether flexible freely, inspect neck whether swelling, opens face to see whether throat has fishhook in pipe, and can inspect tortoise body inside with metal flaw-detecting apparatus whether have fishhook. The proportion of male and female depend on the size of tortoise decide , with wild tortoise as regular, general specifications Xiao De kisses tortoise around 2.5 kg with 2 : 1 is allow , around the 4 kg of medium size kiss tortoise with 3: 1 advisable, again a little bit big 5 kg kiss tortoise more can press 4 completely: the proportion of 1.
2.2.2 Kiss tortoise cultivate
To promote the growth of sexual gland that kisses tortoise , maintenance is environmental and quiet , has fine water quality, prompt blowdown with add note new water, for tortoise pool , kiss tortoise and water body carry out necessity disinfect , and can use tiny ecological preparation , let beneficial bacterium take leading position and disinfectant with tiny ecological preparation cannot at the same time use , choose frequently with medicine to do not have remain raw lime, 2 oxidize chlorines, PVP-I and fluorine Pai acid , En Nuo sand star, use tiny ecological preparation frequently lustrous join germ and EM etc.. The animal bait of fresh use is expected , as miscellaneous fish, little shrimp, snail clam and earthworm etc. stop to throw feed to go bad bait material. For animal bait material, can soak with salt to disinfect. If is wild kiss tortoise, throw to feed time mainly with night, take day to throw bait the 70% of quantity, the other morning of 30% is put in , and step by step domestication throw in daytime to feed, if not domestication also can, but increasing at night workload. For man-days breed kiss tortoise, but in daytime morning and afternoon throw each to feed one times, in the morning, throw to feed the 40% of ration , throw in the afternoon to feed 60%. It is higher to kiss the nutrition requirement of tortoise for forage, can add vitamin and mineral matter in forage, method is will need additional nutrition liquid pour into bait material fish body , and can use the green additive that is helpful to kiss the tortoise growth of sexual gland , such as traditional Chinese medicine, enzyme preparation, biological active chromium and tiny ecological preparation.
2.2.3 Tortoise egg hatching
Tortoise egg is gathered. When at night, laying eggs for rear second day in the morning at nine o'clock after, general afternoon is gathered. The egg of Snapping Turtle that picked recently will make mark in hatching case and have record additionally. Collection case can be direct to use hatching case, in case spread sand in advance 10 cm control thickness, easily beat the egg of Snapping Turtle is one end of white insemination spot light to put, have animal very dynasty on put , animal very with plant very boundary is normal insemination egg obviously, if boundary is not clear, just is fertilized spot submit form distribution, this egg is below to be fertilized , see do not go to insemination spot is do not be fertilized egg. Experience shows , the egg surface of Snapping Turtle glue sand is do not be fertilized egg, surface smooth do not touch sand is insemination egg. Why the egg of Snapping Turtle will be egg white light to put, because it is membrane that egg of Snapping Turtle has no , operate not Shen can affect hatching.
Hatching case. Can replace with food turnover case, wooden case and foam case etc., more than case high 10 cm, the egg shop of Snapping Turtle is one levels of , egg put in sand among, under egg sand thick 3 cm, in egg week sand layer 3 cm, the egg sand of upper cover 4 cm, 1 cm control egg span, for the convenient that ventilating bottom sand use 1/2 thick sand, 1/2 thin sand, the grain way of thin sand is of 0.6 mm , sand uses 20 ppm of potassium permanganate in advance to sprinkle, is sprinkled in sand, it is sterilized that layer first floor fall out to move and sun dry reserve. Hatching medium change to sponge substitute sand also is feasible.
Hatching controls warm equipment. Adopt to get national patent add voluntarily to warm up control warm installation ( ZL95239104. X ), reliable practical, this equipment power and temperature are adjustable, full automatic to run , need not special person guard.
Hatching room. Put up using a angle in housing to build , can also build specially. Key is to adopt insulation material, accomplish hatching indoor last, next, all around wall body will lay insulation material , indoor installation hatching puts up , hatching case is placed on frame, between layer, it is wet to separate certain distance to sprinkle water to insure. Another kind of practice is to directly put hatching case on ground , again the 4 angles on hatching case place brick piece, on brick piece, place second layer hatching case , fold upward for so a level of layer to put. Still have a kind of method is more directly in the hatching room ground one levels of sand of upper berth, in sand, spread one levels of egg correspondingly, the installation 1 tank of one side in sand bed, so young tortoise hatch it is rear and automatic to climb in tank. Besides, in the hatching big case and case for special purpose, place hatching little case again layer upon layer , adopt in case to control warm equipment and small-sized fan , is the hatching method of a kind of simulated money tortoise.
Temperature and humidity , ventilate is the 3 essential factors of the hatching of Snapping Turtle, it is also eternal theme of all tortoise turtle hatchings. The hatching of Snapping Turtle need the control of constant temperature in 32 ¡æ, around 60 days, young tortoise can hatch , sand is warm to be not consistent with empty angry temperature , normally control sand warm 32 ¡æ, air temperature 35 ¡æ control. Humidity control includes absolute humidity and relative humidity, absolute humidity finger the water content in sand requirement 8% control , with hand hold group , relieve to break up for allow, the relative humidity of hatching room hollow air can measure with hygroemter, it is to not sprinkle water regularly with man-days to maintain the major method of 85% of relative humidity of the needs of Snapping Turtle, in hatching early stage sprinkle water can proper much some, later stage sprinkle water lose as far as possible somewhat, keep certain and dry , get the stimulate of too much water in order to avoid the shape young tortoise in insemination egg and premature labor. Moreover, too much sprinkle water disadvantage in the respiration of insemination egg with ventilate.
Young tortoise hatch the rear week of 1 issue2 belong to raise temporarily, the young tortoise egg yellow bag contract that just hatches absorbs completely gradually after 2 days, enter man-days raise course temporarily. Young tortoise open forage can choose yolk, pork liver, red insect and the formula feed for special purpose. Raise vessel temporarily can use plastic basin, density each square metre 100 control. Notice water can not be too deep , suitable 2 ability3 cm, with cover sink tortoise the back is good for , after deep water level, it is not strong to swim probably since young tortoise just makes shell, is easy to cause drown. Since water level is shallow, water quality changes bad easily to change water frequently , has little vessel, change the water of 1 water2 every day, if in the greater pool for special purpose raise temporarily, normally per 48 hours, change one times.
2.3 Factories melt to raise tortoise
Young tortoise raises issue temporarily to finish, is rear to enter factory to melt to breed stage. This stage major is pass through factory melt control warm technical means voluntarily, will young tortoise ¡ª ¡ª young tortoise put raise in best environment in, quickly growth speed shortens to breed period. After making shell in turn, young tortoise enters winter gradually , is under natural state , young tortoise physique is bad to be hard to live through the winter , it is much to cause death. Under artificial condition, give best temperature and completely price forage , adopt the necessary ecological measure and winter of adjusting control , spring two seasons in greenhouse in raise , specifications can reach 500 g around, come in summer temperature go up will young tortoise move greenhouse the open-air pool that enters natural environment in raise , after some months, the merchandise tortoise who can grow 1500 g appears on the market. Practice proof and young tortoise stage growth are slow , when Snapping Turtle reaches 250 g above growth speeds, accelerate , when specifications reach 500 gs, move outdoor raise stage growth speed more rapid, in average every month but the 200 gs of weightening finish, its growth speed is very astonishing. Also adopt factory namely to melt breed , Snapping Turtle grows 1500 g from birth 7 g, need the time of 1 years only, if breed with natural temperature not only survival rate low , to reach the merchandise tortoise specifications of 1500 g to need, breed time 3 years. Therefore it can shorten to breed period 2 years if factory melts to breed Snapping Turtle. Market is ever changing , premature labor is helpful to grasp good fortune , reduces unit cost , raises competition ability.
Factory melts to breed the basic main points of Snapping Turtle: 1 ), greenhouse is built. With the type greenhouse of energy saving, not only invest in province, after being promoted , insulation performance economizes heat energy. Roof the method of using two levels of film intermediate lined insulation material , all sides wall body lined insulation material, what pay attention especially is that is indoor and ground to must lay insulation material , then can only so guarantee the insulation effect of energy saving of greenhouse, actually raise tortoise greenhouse build and make the principle of cold storehouse recently as, to ensure to keep warm effect. 2 ), control warm installation. Small-sized greenhouse or large scale greenhouse can adopt advanced patent technology , " the tortoise turtle greenhouse voluntarily hot energy saving of boiler circulation add warm installation " have gotten the patent certificate that the national department of intellectual property issues , patent number is ZL01217344 . 4. This patent biggest characteristic is: Using the anthracite air and regulation pool water body of whole sealing of runing for greenhouse is going to add voluntarily to warm up , is crucial to be hot water automatic cycle, guarantee etc. warm up to change water needs, consume every day coal quantity is each 500 g of square metre only, it is notable to have energy-saving function. 3 ), increase oxygen equipment. In greenhouse, present high temperature, the degree of high density and high pollutive feature, it is helpful for improvement water quality to increase oxygen, help organic matter decompose , decreasing pollutes. Normally per the 500 greenhouse supplemental 2.2000s of square metre the aerator of tile. 4 ), system enters to drain and pool base need to incline surely, with outdoor tortoise pool the requirement that built identical. Drainage exit use diameter the PVC pipe of 10 cm insert into shut-off of water, take out to drain , is simple and feasible. 5 ), edible Taiwan installs. Use asbestos tile oblique put into tortoise pool in, underwater 1/3, on water 2/3, throw to feed forage beginning the underwater in edible Taiwan, move water step by step on throw to feed, is helpful to observe to take edible condition and reduce incomplete bait. 6 ), sterilized defence is ill. Melt regularly with raw lime white the whole pool after water dilutes sprinkle to sprinkle, and can adopt advanced ozonator timing automatic for raise tortoise water body disinfect , effect has low cost. 7 ), forage is deploied. The best self does forage , buies a set of small-sized forage production unit , uses advanced forage prescription, the forage basic composition of Snapping Turtle is white fish meal , ¦Á - starch, plant egg white, mineral matter, vitamin and benefit raw bacterium and benefit raw Yuan, and can add other green forage additive , reduce nutritional disease with the growth of Snapping Turtle of promotion to occur , rise to breed survival rate. 8 ), raise management. Raise stage for Common Snapping Turtle to throw feed formula feed, if whitewash form forage, need to add water, corn oil and fish oil to make soft pellet or group form , put on edible Taiwan. If the kind that bred is Alligator Snapping Turtle, throw to feed float in water surface Peng melt forage, form dynamic bait material can lure Alligator Snapping Turtle that does not like to move swallow. Throw every day to feed two times , throw every time to feed quantity in 2 hours eat light basically, only surplus a little is advisable. Discovery water quality changes , ammonia density is higher , will be prompt to change water, under certain condition raise tortoise site the hydration credit that can adopt classics Xi method or modern instrument voluntarily detection water quality, and can adopt the method of computer monitoring the campaign condition of Snapping Turtle in greenhouse trail observation, discover problem adopt measure immediately. Modern technology has accomplished automatic test change water and automatic analysis voluntarily report to the police voluntarily. What will remind especially in raising course is that " etc. warm up to change water ". In young tortoise from outdoor move indoor will rise gradually to warm up, when young tortoise moves , is outdoor to cool down gradually , notices the balance of temperature. In breed whole journey remember 12 words all along: " environmental adjusting control, structural adjusting control and biological adjusting control ", and carefully thin taste.
3 Market prospects
Snapping Turtle does not grow from the abroad transfer time of our country, according to preliminarily statistical so far import total is sixty thousands control , more than 95%, is Common Snapping Turtle. Alligator Snapping Turtle gets in the world to protect, and Common Snapping Turtle does not protect , therefore can develop vigorously. Now import quantity to satisfy can not the demand of our country, now, stage is still in the kind sprout development issue of Snapping Turtle, characteristic is that kind sprout lags behind demand , has higher price. It is expected that after 2 years, Snapping Turtle breeds development to enter merchandise stage, in large quantity merchandise Snapping Turtle enters market , does not be confined to restaurant consuming again. Popular consuming will promote Snapping Turtle to produce more rapid development, when Snapping Turtle forms the industrial rear output continued increase of Snapping Turtle , enters flat sharp stage probably after 5 years , develops further , will enter the times of small profits , arrives winning bad Tai, only, rely on the raising of technology content to possess position in the market. In trade, personage analyses , for 10 years Snapping Turtle breed project will not supersede.
On the other hand, the flavour of Snapping Turtle is unique , it is recognized to have gotten in the forerunner of economic developed area, after enjoying Snapping Turtle, they consistently think that the taste of Snapping Turtle is really delicious, taste is the same as , soil taste and strange taste, than the skirt side taste of turtle, the more beautiful meat quality soundly crisp, fatty content of Snapping Turtle is lost than ordinary tortoise turtle more, when examination is eaten , the discovery child of the author likes to eat especially, not sensible child the bowl that will contain the meat of Snapping Turtle pull arrive own in front of grab meal, enjoy delicious food alone, and for on side pork is not interested. The author is in Zhejiang with breed common dissect Common Snapping Turtle become body, it is rear that Snapping Turtle of 3.4 kg exclude the belly shell and very few fat and shell of the back after bloodletting, what leave is nearly that pure shrewd meat is 2 kg by name weight , meat rate is 58.8%, so, Snapping Turtle again claims meat tortoise. In the future, the possible problem of appearance is , exceptional Snapping Turtle in do not come appear on the market all-sidedly , general customer is hard to accept , should control as far as possible to breed Snapping Turtle appear on the market specifications do not exceed 1500 g advisable, can cut parcel apart for exceptional Snapping Turtle to pack, and but is mutiple level needs deep to process, meet.
CCTV has carried out the report and interview of special subject, for Snapping Turtle after Snapping Turtle introduces , the greenhouse of Snapping Turtle that shot is bred with department general flat and the science and education " take you to know Snapping Turtle" the relapse play in " 7 sets of science and technology Yuan ", CCTV focal point is recommended , audience repercussion strong, have promoted Snapping Turtle strongly to breed industrialization process. The author thinks so long as guide correctly actively to encourage , develops vigorously, it is wide that Snapping Turtle breed prospect.
( Author working unit: Chinese Suzhou Huqiu district agricultural department, contact phone number: 13951112930)
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 Prebiotics in tortoise turtle breed in research
Suzhou city huqiu district agricultural department
Zhang jian
1 is what to be benefit to give birth to Yuan?
Benefit is raw and first ( Prebiotics ) ( Ran land, 1999 ), different scholar gives different name , is raw and plain in colour as chemical benefit ( Liu inferior force, 2000 ) give birth vegetarian meal( Zhejiang university animal science academy, 1999 ) , former raw vegetarian meal( Lu justice high Zhang, 1999 ) actually is low to assemble sugar, again fit Gua assemble sugar , Gua sugar ( Oligosachride ). Denote to be able to select land a kind of some kinds of beneficial bacterium growthes in stimulate intestines breed , and is not digested by old God material. Patrich professor Charton will benefit raw Yuan more definitely than life floating bridge, the bacterium adhesion of cause of disease in Gua assemble sugar base thing on not the leather cell on animal enteron aisle appearance contact, thus the bacterium of cause of disease can not fix in enteron aisle , has also lost the harm for animal. Benefit is raw and first to be with benefit raw vegetarian meal same, the purpose of both is the bacterium crowd of control alimentary canal , but benefit is raw and plain in colour to be the beneficial bacterium of outside source increase, and benefit raw Yuan difference, it major is maintain animal body already establishment is also the healthy bacterium crowd of alimentary canal( Lu found army, in 1999). Benefit is raw and first to have 4 following conditions:
( 1 ) in stomach the top of enteron aisle can not hydrolysis, can not be also absorbed.
( 2 ) can selectivity the beneficial bacterium in intestines ( pair Qi bacillus ) have stimulate growth breed with activation the role of metabolic function.
( 3 ) can rise to be helpful for the healthy advantage bacterium in intestines crowd form with quantity.
( 4 ) can play the part of the role that strengthens the health of the old body of main computer.
Low to assemble sugar is the single sugar of 2 big carbohydrate10 with sugar Gan the combination thing of key connection, the combination thing more than 11 single sugars is called as , the only sugar combination thing of 100 carbohydrate200 is called as. Since single sugar member kind, member combination location and combination type are different, low to assemble sugar kind numerous, in nature reach 1000 kinds more( slowly Xiu allow etc., 1999 ) in which part low to assemble sugar have particularity, it can not the enzyme hydrolysis that animal self secretes by person and single stomach, but after arriving in section enteron aisle, can be used by the beneficial bacterium in which, so promote enteron aisle to be helpful for bacterium hyperplasia. According to only sugar member amount have 2 sugar, 3 sugars, 4 sugars, 5 sugars, 6 sugars and 7 sugars so that 10 sugars. For instance: With starch as the two glucose members of raw material so as ¦Á - 1, 4 sugars Gan the key maltose of the straight chain that joins and the glucose member of 3 3 to 7 malt sugars7 form , or two glucose members with ¦Á - 1, 6 sugars Gan the key different maltose of the branch that joins , the glucose member of 3 3 different malt sugar and 4 different malt sugar etc.4 forms. Again go through if with sucrose, being raw material a kind of ¦Â - Fu Nan gructose Gan Mei transformation is gructose low to assemble sugar( with ¦Â - 1, 2 sugars Gan key connection), Japan treats system fruit company tomorrow, is not only still used in forage industry in large quantities used in food industry. This kind of low to assemble sugar can promote popular support single stomach the pair in animal enteron aisle Qi the beneficial bacterium crowd such as bacillus hyperplasia promptly, harmful bacterium can not make beneficial bacterium take absolute advantage using them. The first article of health protection as person enters market , in recent years, the countries such as Japan, Europe and America develop it in succession, is forage additive, in Taiwanese area Pu assemble sugar with strengthen immunity function is purpose have been added tortoise forage in appear on the market.
2 benefits the role mechanism of raw Yuan
Benefit is raw and first to regulate the mechanism of type forage additive as tortoise body nutrition, poplar daybreak tomorrow ( 1999 ) research think its major expression in 3 aspects: Promote the healthy microorganism bacterium in organism enteron aisle appearance form; Combine and absorb the outside source original bacterium of venereal disease; Regulate the immunity system of organism.
Benefit is raw and first in order to be helpful for the nutrition matrix of parasitic bacterium in enteron aisle, Kohmoto ( 1991 ) discover , ¦Á - GOS( ¦Á - Glucoolicosaccharides, ¦Á - Gua glucose) is nutrition thing quilt pair Qi bacillus and the bacillus of lactic acid , bacillus etc. metastasis, and the germs such as shuttle form bud bud bacillus, real germ and intestines bacillus for ¦Á - the metabolic utilization rate of GOS low. Wada ( 1990 ) compare with FOS ( Fructooligosaccharides, Gua gructose ) , XOS( Xylooligosaccharides, Gua wooden sugar) and glucose is nutrition matrix, when, besides body, training the different germ that splits in alimentary canal, also get similar result. Therefore NDO ( not digestion Gua sugar ) can have selectivity by the microorganism of the rear parasitism of alimentary canal is nutrition matrix, this kind of use that has selectivity by the microorganism of enteron aisle is just near 10 how many year comes by the hot point of nutriology circle research, have developed a lot of product supplies market, in recent years, the circle of aquatic product has paid attention to benefit to give birth to Yuan , not so claims merely , and names for raw vegetarian meal ( Zhejiang university ) , biological activator ( Wuxi ) , Pu assemble sugar immunity prescription( Taiwan) etc., have put in production ( the as above sea forage group company of popular confidence ) with raw plain in colour replacing antibiotic and , get notable effect after applying.
Mitsuoka ( 1986 ) report , grow up daily meal enter 8 g Gua gructose the rear week of 12, in dung pair Qi bacillus several increase 10 times, its proportion from 2.5% to 23%; Suntory ( 1992 ) in adult daily meal enter 3.5 g Gua wooden sugar 1 weeks later, in dung pair Qi bacillus proportion from 10.6% increase 21.7%. This two experiments are refered to , join Gua sugar can increase the pair in person enteron aisle Qi bacillus content.
Use Gua sugar rear bacterium appearance will also occur change. Nurmi is with Rantala ( 1973 ) for the first time discovery single stomach the microorganism competitiveness row hinderance role of the external source original bacterium of venereal disease in animal enteron aisle( Competitive Exclusion, CE). In 1992, Fuller goes back to CE role , is 3 aspects: Germ restrain mutually; Prevent outside source bacterium in the stopover of enteron aisle and breed; Competitiveness excrete. Nurmi ( 1991 ) wait for the ability of discovery organism CE with with pair Qi bacillus and the bacillus of lactic acid , bacillus etc. is advantage bacterium shuttle form bud bud bacillus, real germ and the proportion of coliform organisms the bacterium that loses comparatively appearance have is related highly. Therefore this kind of bacterium match for the ideal parasitic microorganism bacterium of enteron aisle appearance, and this is just benefit the steady microorganism bacterium of enteron aisle that raw Yuan can affect appearance. Oyofo ( 1992 ) for contain Sramana bacterium ( 108/g ) chick potable water in add 2.5% Gua gructose or Gua wooden sugar, in chicken crowd, Sramana bacterium falls to 27% from 53%, in eaecum Sramana bacterium drop 3 bacterium colonies form unit ( CFU ).
For benefit, raw Yuan combines and absorbs the research of the outside source original bacterium of venereal disease. Beachey ( 1981 ) etc. think: The first step of microorganism cause of disease is combination in the intestines surface of alimentary canal of mucous membrane, since the outside source original bacterium of venereal disease breeds in large quantities in enteron aisle, rear direct role or produce toxin cause to become sick. Pusztai ( 1991 ) study tomorrow use specific sugar the plant of combination germ congeal blood vegetarian meal or use specific plant congeal blood the sugar incomplete base that combines sugar egg white or the leather cell surface sugar fat on intestines mucous membrane always , can reach to prevent the combination of germ and intestines mucous membrane. In enteron aisle store in certain quantity Gua dew sugar etc. Gua sugar , plant congeal blood vegetarian meal but with Gua the combinations such as dew sugar, and have reduced the opportunity with the leather cell combination on intestines mucous membrane, even will already with plant congeal the sugar base partial displacements of leather cell on the intestines mucous membrane of blood plain in colour combination come down.
Benefit is raw and first to regulate the mechanism of organism immunity system: Sharon confirms with Lis ( 1993 ), benefit raw Yuan can not only join to germ on, and also can the surface combination with certain toxin, virus and eukaryotic cell, benefit is raw and first to be these outside sources to fight original auxiliaries ( Adjuvants ) , can slow down the absorption that fought , increases the effect price that fought. The role of this kind of auxiliaries has the function with both this that raises organism cell immunity and the immunity of body fluid. Janeway ( 1993 ) think , after entering animal organism, the outside source original bacterium of venereal disease is huge to be addict to cell release medium - 6, soon afterwards medium - 6 from blood enter liver and make it produce dew sugar combination egg white, by this, trigger organism multistage immunity function. Gua dew sugar etc. can also promote cell secrete to contain the sugar egg white of dew sugar base, these sugar egg whites can combine to invade the germ of organism ( poplar daybreak tomorrow, 1999 ).
3 benefits are raw and first to apply
Since 90 decade, this field that our country gives birth to the first application in animal nutrition and epidemic prevention for benefit is explored , has gotten a series of accomplishment , is developed most early successfully and passes through appraisal and put in market " fruit assemble Gua sugar " ( the 100 vegetarian meals of good fortune ) forage additive, this product is composed with enzyme project technology, it is from glucose and gructose with ¦Â - 2, 3 sugars Gan key connection become , this product not digests and reaches completely big intestines by the enzyme of stomach and small intestine, quilt the pair in intestines Qi bacillus use single-mindedly, raise pair Qi bacillus quantity reach the times more than 10, and produce plenty of Yi Suan Hes cubes acid, reduce the pH value of enteron aisle , restrain rotten bacterium, pathogenic bacteria as well as ammonia , phenol , Yin Duo wait for rotten thing produce and regulate the animal tiny ecological environment of enteron aisle, raise organism not peculiarness immunity force, it adds quantity, is 0.1%0.2% only. Give birth to first replacing antibiotic with this kind of benefit to raise test, son pig is growing heavy range raising 6.4%, forage transformation rate raises 10%, reduce the cost of epidemic prevention 1/5 1/4, and it is remained that for testing , animal does not have with side effect. Zhejiang a famous forage enterprise in turtle forage in add the 100 vegetarian meals of good fortune, as a result, it is following that forage coefficient fall to 1.3, effect is very notable.
Wuxi is honest to be with Jiangsu province microorganism research join production advantage Kang vegetarian meal, major composition is different malt Gua sugar. This product belong to the national science and technology of " 95 " tackle key problems project accomplishment, in 1997, obtain the 3th class national progressive award of science and technology. Now have applied in raise tortoise production, add 2 g with quantity as each kilogram forage. Major characteristic and effect: ( 1 ) utilize enzyme project technical R&D become; ( 2 ) the CSEP color atlas of advanced adopting split technology, make different malt Gua the function factor contents such as sugar reach 90%, in technical level and product, performance is in the lead in the present similar product on market; ( 3 ) advantage Kang the plain in colour selectivity stimulate tortoise pair of enteron aisle Qi the beneficial bacteriums such as bacillus hyperplasia , restrain harmful bacterium breed , form enteron aisle best tiny ecotope department, promote tiny ecological balance; ( 4 ) increase tortoise body immunity function and disease-resistant ability; ( 5 ) efficiency disease-resistant , restrain bacterium and health protection promote long biology function, replace antibiotic completely and promote growth medicine, eliminate medicine to remain. In 2000 author use advantage Kang vegetarian meal( different maltose, benefit raw Yuan in a kind of), for 3 Hangzhou greenhouses, 24,500 turtles carry out the defence of health protection, is ill and test , in turtle forage add advantage Kang vegetarian meal, take 2 months continuously, the turtle of 2 greenhouses does not occur any disease, additionally 1 greenhouses only few turtle occur the disease of respiratory tract, after use A Mo Xi forest sprinkle to sprinkle treatment, very quickly, get control, the turtle of 3 greenhouses does not occur the disease of digestive system , has good growth , reaches health preliminarily to raise the purpose of turtle.
Benefit the raw first application in tortoise forage. Benefit the research of raw Yuan in Taiwan of our country have been paid attention to and have develop application arrive to raise tortoise aquatic animals. If the tortoise of Taiwanese R&D eats , ¡ª ¡ª add Pu assemble sugar immunity prescription, have 9 big characteristics: Immunity and PBS , increase meal , is addict to mouth , grow up , healthy stomach , detoxify , whole intestines , exclude smell. The little tortoise forage " AZOO9 joins 1" of development and the tortoise forage " AZOO9 joins 1" the form forage that has immunity function , according to the size of tortoise that ware and the special special R&D of feeding habits suit for making tortoise ware, select to have contain the raw material of calcium quality make , suit tortoise everyday nutrition principal food.
Now, study development and popularize application cost to low , effect good, harmless additive ( as benefit raw Yuan ) replacing antibiotic, for quickly raising the development of tortoise trade, is most important , should arouse relevant department , research courtyard home of place and forage manufacturer pay attention highly. Benefit raw Yuan in Chinese continent raise the application prospect in tortoise trade value. Author recommends to add benefit in tortoise forage to give birth, is first to be with quantity: ¦Á - Gua glucose( ¦Á - GOS, also weigh different malt Gua sugar) 12 g/kg; Gua gructose( FOS) 12 g/kg; Gua( GAS) 12 g/kg of milk sugar; Gua dew sugar( MOS) 0.51 g/kg.
Biological active material still has a lot. If Wuxi honest company develops , newest high-tech product " biological active chromium ", reality is a kind of yeast cell wall , is produced with broken wall technology. Major composition is GTF, active Gua Tai, Gua nucleus Gan acid. This product characteristic and effect: ( 1 ) breeding active efficiently yeast bacterium kind, ferment using the degree of high density technology, the land of high limit inorganic chromium organic form GTF of transforming; ( 2 ) GTF pass through the function that promotes insulin , raise forage transformation rate and productivity can, fully regulation protein and fatty metastasis make fatty layer change thin , increase muscle distribution , improve the quality of tortoise; ( 3 ) use enzyme project technology make the high quality protein transformation in yeast is active Gua Tai, RNA transformation is Gua nucleus Gan acid, offer nutrition and promote its immunity function for tortoise; ( 4 ) adopt newest high-tech broken wall technology, have relieved cell wall for yeast nutrition cream tie , make it really thorough have been absorbed use; ( 5 ) pure natural ferment product, without poisonous side effect, do not have to stop medicine issue. Tortoise adds 0.5 biological active chromium gs with dosage as each kilogram forage , takes orally for a long period.
Author thinks that will raise tortoise kind of immunity force rate and breeds benifit, should study development vigorously with popularize application do not have to remain natural tortoise kind of tiny ecological promoter replacing antibiotic, because tortoise kind is traditional Chinese medicine and the high-grade nourishing article of human healthy needs , and is that people show the green food of great expectations, to avoid to raise turtle trade since pursue quantity goes to emphatic quality, the detour in long course, raise tortoise trade emphasize quality at the beginning , can realize with various measures , in which include applying benefit to give birth to Yuan , benefit raw vegetarian meal , join the tiny ecological preparations such as raw plain in colour and enzyme preparation, do not use antibiotic as far as possible. In forage general antibiotic and synthetic antibacterial dose medicine remain and endure the problems such as property of medicine, go to threat human health, arouse the universal solicitude of people gradually. Germany has noticed this problem, restrict in animal body use antibiotic. European Union from July 1,1999 take out of service 4 kinds of antibiotic ( dimension lucky nun inferior mould vegetarian meal , Lin sour safe happy bacterium plain in colour, spiral mould vegetarian meal and bacillus Tai zinc ). American department ¨B Han Sen the white of the production of limited company Ao beautiful R benefit raw Yuan go through the on July 14,1999 No.104 announcement of Department of Agriculture approval, enter our country. So benefit raw bacterium and benefit raw Yuan , join the forage additives such as raw vegetarian meal, enzyme preparation and Chinese herbal medicine research development with popularize application get domestic and international trade circle pay attention extensively.
Now produce benefit to give birth to Yuan method many, for example use biological technology will the sucrose transformation of raw material is fruit assemble Gua sugar, from the taro of evil spirit draw biological active composition ¡ª ¡ª the taro of evil spirit Pu assemble willingly sugar, return but will low to assemble gructose and different malt low to assemble sugar complex, can reach used in the adjustment tortoise kind of microorganism environment of enteron aisle with antibiotic same even the better effect of epidemic prevention.
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 Tortoise egg hatching crucial technology is analysed
Zhang sword
( Suzhou suburb district agricultural department, 215,007 )
Make a summary temperature and humidity , ventilate with shockproof is the 4 crucial factors of tortoise egg hatching, in which shockproof is pass by overlook factor. Adopt add voluntarily to warm up control warm installation hatching, control warm accuracy is high. Grasp artificial hatching factor reasonably , can raise the hatching rate of tortoise egg.
Keyword tortoise egg hatching crucial technology
The Tortoise Egg Hatches Technique Research
ZHANG Jian(Suzhou suburb agriculture bureau,Suzhou215007)
abstract temperature,humidity,keeps each other informed and takes precautions against earthquakes are4 the critical factors that the tortoise egg hatches,and among them taking precautions against earthquakes is the factor ignored formerly.Using voluntarily to add the warm warm device of control to hatch,the warm precision of control is high.Reasonably grasp the artificial incubation factor,and can raise the incubation rate of tortoise egg.
key words Tortoise egg Hatch Hinge technique
Now influence raise the major factor of tortoise trade development do not be to have market, and it is that sprout kind is in short supply to restrict production. Except some tortoise kinds self breed the reason with low force besides, the one of way out that solves problem is to enlarge production, technology rises to breed, choose to control warm hatching method , grasp temperature and humidity reasonably in tortoise egg controls warm hatching voluntarily , ventilate with shockproof etc. crucial factor, in order to raise hatching rate. The Suzhou city annual use of 1997 turtle1998 of aquatic product of research institute the greenhouse that the author develops raise add voluntarily to warm up control warm installation for yellow reason close shell tortoise control to warm up breed to test, installation uses single-phase power source, 1 sand warm 28 that hatching tortoise has 1079 eggs324 KW is adjustable , control ¡æ, humidity control in 80% 88%85%, let , hatch 950, hatching rate is [ 1 ].
1. Hatching facility
hatching room build or use old room transform recently. Area general 10 ¡« 30 square metres, high 2.5 ¡« 3 metres. Room useful foam board carries , indoor all sides wall body most also pastes surface with foam board in order to keep warm. In indoor among set up 40 ¡« the pavement of 60 centimetre widthes. The two side in pavement is ground to build cement pool, pool base is wiped solely, the 20 centimetres of tank depth, 10 centimetres retain water. Before new cement pool is used , will soak with clear water relapse to exclude alkalescence. The best a level of sponge on pool base shop, so young tortoise fall into naturally when making shell in water, do not be damaged to injure.
hatching frame use angle iron or timber produce. It is first floor to set up multilayer, 20 each centimetres around. Frame does not be operated high, high around 1.5 metres easily. Place the hatching plate on hatching frame to adopt is 8 high ¡« the plastic turnover case of 10 centimetres, in case base and the drill hole of four weeks tens of, with a view to ventilate.
More simple and convenient method is: Do not put up with hatching. Will hatching a plate of layer upon layer appearance layer upon layer, on 4 a plate of angles place brick piece will coil and coil between separate. 10 each layer of interval centimetres.
To maintain indoor air, it is fresh , in the south north wall body top of both sides of hatching room install each 1 two-way change angry fan.
adopting " power source ¡ª ¡ª control to warm up ¡ª ¡ª increase to allow ¡ª ¡ª regulation ¡ª ¡ª add to warm up " form control warm installation voluntarily carry out hatching. Control warm installation to install , notice heater distribution is even. Hatching frame and heater maintain certain distance. General heater installation in all sides wall body, is away from ground 70 centimetre is air high , used in hatching carry out to add warm up [ 2 ].
2. Tortoise egg hatching
a kind of is shop sand hatching law: In hatching plate, shop grain way is thick for the 3 thin sand centimetres of 0.6 mm to control. On it, place a level of tortoise egg, again the thick thin sand in its 2 centimetres of upper berth. Tortoise egg put span 1 centimetres in order. Normally each case of place tortoise egg 100 control.
Another is to do not have sand hatching law: Hatching medium adopts sponge and foam board. Enter 2.5 a centimetre thick foam-rubber cushions first hatching a plate of base, then, put the foam board with thickness of 1.5 centimetres, it on per separate 2 centimetres dozen have the diameter that controls for 2 centimetres ( basis tortoise egg size ) hole, and it is full to put tortoise insemination egg animal very much on dynasty, put the thin sponge with thickness of 1 centimetres finally, this sponge requirement flooding crowded trunk to do not drip water , the last sponge moisture content of lower levels difference control is 45% and 80%.
In hatching course pass " control warm installation " add voluntarily to warm up, and control temperature 34 ¡æ , sand warm 32 ¡æ. When naturally, temperature is higher than 37, ¡æ , sand warm up is higher than 33 very less ¡æ. Therefore control warm hatching tortoise do not need refrigeration. Air relative humidity adds through air to warm up, in the cement pool under hatching frame water evaporate , normally the requirement concerning already satisfying the 80% of relative humidity.
Since hatching indoor air circulation is more rapid, sand dehydration speed is also more rapid, should more notice the supplement of moisture in sand. Between sand, quality humidity is major to rely on artificial spraying or sprinkle water to be completed , sprinkle water so as is few to be principle repeatedly. Sprinkle water in order to avoid once too much, sand humidity is exceptional , ventilates condition to get restriction , affects tortoise embryo normal growth. Especially in embryo growth late period, to notice environmental ecology the stability of condition. In hatching course, it is timing to spray water for sand, spray the amount of water should determine according to the dry humidity of sand, with the humidity of sand it is accurate to keep in 10% to be ( the 8% of later stage control ). Spray water must clean, if water arouses the growth of fungi and other various germs very easily than internal organs, when discovery tortoise egg shell surface is not smooth, have viscous, egg shell on have black spot, explanation has miscellaneous bacterium pollution , should be taken out in time, prevent that the germs egg that spreads and infects germs can not be completed basically into normal embryo growth.
3. Young tortoise makes shell
General nature makes shell, when embryo complete growth is rear , makes shell use kiss first department very broken egg shell, department stretches to come forward, then, support entire body and husking with former limb and happen. Therefore when amassing warm up to reach thirty-eight thousands ¡æ ¡¤ around young tortoise make shell , move hatching plate most lower levels, is away from ground pool water the more near, young tortoise that just hatches easily to fall into water in [ 2 ]. Or under hatching plate, settle plastic basin , contain water in basin, after young tortoise makes shell, naturally fall into basin in. Young tortoise shell time much in nightfall and daybreak around at three o'clock ¡« control at nine o'clock. Another kind of method makes shell for man-days to guide, when amassing warm up to reach thirty-eight thousands ¡æ ¡¤ around young tortoise have not made shell , will criticize together the tortoise egg that will soon make shell to soak into 20 ¡« 30 ¡æ warm water in, stimulate young tortoise to make shell, by 10 ¡« 15 minutes can make shell , if have not made shell by 20 minutes, should put place back to continue hatching. This law can make young tortoise make shell concentration to manage , but may cause unfavourable influence for the day after tomorrow growth growth of young tortoise, so, do not advocate adopting. Besides have yet to cool down shell law and air the law of exposing with peel shell law ( the weak tortoise for body suitable ), these methods have a common shortcoming , are to cause some egg yellow young tortoises that does not still absorb completely to make shell in advance for the young tortoise stimulate that can make shell normally , can not absorb egg yellow material normally after shell and are easy to infect disease, is easy to arouse death. After young tortoise makes shell, some umbilical cord had been lost by friction , is some to not still drop , but egg yellow need 2 ¡« 3 days talent have been absorbed completely. Just make the young tortoise of shell, in water some minutes of unfold , young tortoise first weight is the 70%75% of egg weight normally, when just hatching , tortoise carries normally more than 2.6 shell length centimetres, more than 2.2 width centimetres, more than weight 3.5 g ( majority in 2.86.1 g ); Yellow throat water tortoise weight 6.59 g; 7 Cai 3 tortoise behind shell long centimetres more than, weight 68 g.
4. Discuss
Humidity etc., hatching temperature and the size of kind and egg of tortoise and the length of tortoise hatching time have close relation. Normally the product of tortoise needed by hatching warm up to be approximately thirty-eight thousands ¡æ ¡¤ [ 2 ]. But the result that not classmate makes is different , Liu country install report, from insemination egg to hatching, with the temperature sum that time needs for being unit calculate product to warm up is thirty-seven thousands ¡æ ¡¤ control , the hatching product that is higher than turtle is warmed up ( thirty-six thousands ¡æ ¡¤ ); And Luo after Lun think the product needed by tortoise hatching warm up for 38,13141,251 ¡æ ¡¤ [ 3 ]. Under equal condition, the time needed by money tortoise hatching grows in the time needed by tortoise hatching. Cause outside factor and the discrepancy with warm product concerning, hatching temperature needs product high to warm up less , has low temperature, the product needed is warmed up. Temperature fluctuation big than temperature fluctuation the little product needed warm up. At the same time, it is more thick that hatching time and the depth that covers sand also cover sand concerning department, under same terms, hatching time grows , otherwise also Ran. Sun build spring ( 1997 ) think the change of this and oxygen content concerning, sand is thick , sand in dissolve oxygen lose relatively some, the growth of cell with breed speed reduce slow , hatching time grows. It can shorten further if the permanent wet product of constant temperature needed is warmed up , naturally, hatching and longest hatching expect , is more than 80 days; The majority and hatching of constant temperature are around 50 days ( temperature 32 ¡æ, humidity 85% ), minimum hatching issue does not exceed 40 days ( temperature 33 ¡æ 34 ¡æ, humidity 90% ). The temperature scope of tortoise egg natural hatching in 22 3235 ¡æ, the most suitable temperature of hatching is ¡æ ¡À1 ¡æ. Pawn hatching temperature in 37 ¡æ ¡À1 ¡æ , embryo can only growth arrive to regard bubble form issue die young; When temperature rises to 42, ¡æ , embryo 4 hours burn completely to die [ 4 ].
Hatching temperature decision the sex of tortoise, its role mechanism remains to study further. According to Ji south university beam start the research of mulberry, tortoise egg in hatching temperature is 31 ¡æ , the individual of hatching is female all, and in hatching temperature is 26 ¡æ , the individual 90% that hatching makes is maleness. But there is discrepancy between tortoise kind, as crocodile tortoise pawn hatching temperature in 30 ¡æ more than , 20 ¡æ below, young tortoise is female, 22 maleness28 ¡æ young tortoise is. Under the condition of enough tortoise site maleness tortoise, raise the hatching temperature of tortoise egg, hatching more female individual for tortoise site scale enlarge and the sales of tortoise have benefit , since female tortoise color is bright-colored, , growth speed rapid, meat quality full-grown , is the same as taste more get customer's welcome. Hatching temperature is time absorption high , needed hatching time is short , make young tortoise have before living through the winter enough nutrition come to pass cruel winter, have risen tortoise live through the winter to store alive rate.
Temperature and humidity , ventilate with shockproof is the 4 crucial factors that raise tortoise egg hatching rate. In which shockproof factor have been overlooked in the past easily. Actually, the tortoise embryo growth in egg postpartum 30 days is in highly sensitive issue, right now, embryo growth has not been complete , therefore when introducing kind egg especially will notice airplane to go up is site collection tortoise egg light to move is tortoise egg light to put, in transportation course, avoid as far as possible to jolt, it is shockproof to also pay attention when being , in hatching course, can not fall out at will to move, animal very the hatching rate on dynasty relative higher, do not reverse easily. Choose sand do not too thin, and suggest to spread sand hatching with each plate of in place a level of tortoise egg is good, so as ensure to ventilate between sand, maintain the needs of tortoise egg for oxygen in hatching course. With " raise turtle greenhouse add voluntarily to warm up control warm installation " ( patent 95,239,104. X ) carry out tortoise egg hatching, control warm accuracy is ¡À0.5 high , difference in temperature is very little, is only ¡æ. Control sand warm 32 ¡æ, and regulate the air 80% and sand of relative humidity between quality humidity 10% control , ventilate at the right moment to let in air , control young tortoise for 50 days to make shell, only temperature and humidity , ventilate , shockproof etc. factor grasp reasonable, hatching rate can reach 90% more.
Major bibliographical reference
[ 1 ] land sword forest. Yellow reason box tortoise breed technical research. Sichuan animal, in 1999 ( 2 )
[ 2 ] Zhang sword. Greenhouse raise tortoise new technology. Beijing: The document press of science and technology, 2000
[ 3 ] Luo after Lun yellow Zhen. Tortoise breeds new technology. Beijing: Chinese agricultural press, 1999
[ 4 ] sun build spring week have forever. Money tortoise tortoise man-days breeds technology. Guangzhou: The Guangdong press of science and technology, 1997
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 Turtle some kinds of disease-resistant promote growth dose application research(
Zhang sword
( the Suzhou suburb district scientific research institute of aquatic product, Suzhou 215,007 )
Abstract is made for , chemical synthetic antibacterial medicine, Chinese herbal medicine, vitamin, trace element and enzyme
Dose wait disease-resistant promote growth dose in turtle breed in application research summarize and discuss it develop tendency.
Keyword turtle; It is disease-resistant to promote growth dose; Add effect
In picture law classfication number
Disease-resistant promote growth dose is forage additive application in turtle production, purpose is stimulate turtle growth , raises forage pay , enhance its health, include antibiotic and chemical synthetic antibacterial medicine mainly , Qu insect dose, enzyme preparation, organic acid, and kind of ( research use ) , microorganism preparation, high chlorine sour salt and nutrition heavy minute the 12 big kindses such as dose, vitamin, trace element and Chinese herbal medicine. Have appeared in the newspapaer to say application in turtle have , vitamin, trace element, chemical synthetic antibacterial medicine, Chinese herbal medicine and compound enzyme preparation.
1 s
Role and the kind of 1.1 s
The kind of includes sex , growth and 3 kinds of vegetarian meal of thyroid gland a lot approximately. Sex includes female and male sex , it has not been expounded completely that it promotes the system of lead aircraft, possibility and raising protein synthetic strength concerning. Besides female can promote growth secrete. In last few years, along with the development of biological project technology the notice of people change direction a kind of new product, grow up . It strengthens the clear thoroughness of cell for amino acid for protein synthetic, carbohydrate metabolic, regulation kidney function and water metastasis, have role , thus promote the growth of body. The vegetarian meal of thyroid gland is that animal maintains the one of important of life, its main effect is to participate in organism various basic metastasises.
1.2 add effect
Fujian province Pu the field city research of aquatic product the golden depository etc. closed [ 1 ] for the young turtle with specifications around 80 g test , put to raise 1.25 density / m2s, young turtle forage is compounded by self, its thick content of egg white reaches 45%. See since young turtle raises survival rate , in the forage of young turtle add kind already Xi female phenol and shell base testis vegetarian meal and nutritional disease-resistant promote growth dose L - lysine 3 kinds of medicine, according to each kilogram base material, add 2 mg , raise 90 d , form alive rate each to reach 100%. When throwing bait, discover that it is better that young turtle like feeding habits for more each group forage, normally throwing bait 2 min, young turtle assumes power to plunder meal , does not discover in raising course that it is edible that young turtle have for forage to be disgusted or is bad to respond , do not also discover young turtle to occur the phenomenon of disease. Refering to the growth effect of weightening finish of young turtle, after young turtle takes more some kinds of edible medicine baits, the effect of weightening finish is obvious , especially already Xi female phenol and two groups of shell base testis vegetarian meal, in average each young turtle is growing , is 1.493 g and 1.467 g again, and L - lysine group have only 1.2 g, part than for shine to organize the raising of 0.831 g 79.6%, 76.5% and 44.4%. Refering to forage coefficient, after young turtle takes more some kinds of edible bait materials, forage coefficient drops obviously , is test to organize in average bait material coefficient 2.85 , is lower than the 4.49 comparing with group obviously.
1.3 the excessive influence of adding male sex for turtle
In forage suitable quantity add the growth that can accelerate turtle , but add shell base testis ketone excessively, as turtle can produce a lot of negative influences. As measuring some turtle forage, testis ketone content exceeds 10 mg/kg , is such and excessive to add , has caused disastrous pecuniary loss to turtle aquaculture, its harm major whether well-known death and sexual precocity , breed force drop with maleness good cup. The sexual mature specifications of normal maleness turtle should be above 400 g , it is rear to have eaten to contain the forage of excessive , ripen around 100 g for sex, besides genitals suddenly death, female turtle takes excessively heavy 250 g of rear body, arise the phenomenon of bosom egg. Besides, person has eaten , can also cause sexual precocity excessively, after using the turtle of male sex , endocrine disorder wait for a lot of unusually physiological phenomenons. In our country still do not allow kind to be used in forage add , but the enzyme preparation and dose of viable bacteria do not have this restriction. Therefore besides research, in raising turtle production, do not use casually.
2 chemistries compose antibacterial medicine
2.1 the kind that can be used
Along with the development of forage industry, aquaculture and chemical medicine trade, more and more synthetic antibacterial medicines are added as growth dose in formula feed. In the past, it is more that countries use this kind of medicine, if sulphanilamide is kind of, , Fu Nan kind , Kui evil Lin kind. But afterwards, their discovery side effect is greater , thus these a lot of medicines make beast medicine, and do not make forage additive. America approves to use the 6 kinds in sulphanilamide kind with nitre base Fu Nan kind. Europe embody totally in promise use Kui ethanol and card Ba Duo He nitre Fu Xi Zong. China and Japan allow to use Kui ethanol.
2.2 Kui application and the nature of ethanol
Kui ethanol ( Olaquindox ), C12H13N3O4 of molecular formula. Xi virtue Bai ear company 1965 first discover it for animal promote growth role, the merchandise name of our country " give birth to spirit quickly ". With two ethylene ketones as raw material, with chemical composition law production Kui f Lin kind. It is bitter that the colour crystallization powder of raw material of pale yellow do not have smell and taste, in hot water, dissolve , is tiny in cold water to dissolve , in shell mellow wine, ethanol and chloroform nearly, do not dissolve , the 204209 of melting point ¡æ. Nature is very steady, 40 ¡æ insurable hold steady 3 a more. In mixture or tablet, stability is also good, but with mineral matter and trace element use forage frequently add compatibility of medicines mix to use. As broad table antibacterial medicine, for a lot of germs in leather orchid positive bacterium and negative bacterium, it is effective. If coliform organisms, deformed bacillus, Sramana bacterium and flu bloodthirsty bacterium etc. have , notable restrain effect. Especially being for leather orchid negative bacterium and pig bonus Li the C model of cause of disease produce angry pod membrane shuttle bacterium have more strong antibacterialness [ 2 ]. Article toxicity is little , promote the reason of lead aircraft is: Influence is metabolic , , especially internal system, promotes the utilization rate that composes and raises nitrogen and the energy in forage , promotes nitrogen sediment , raises forage transformation rate. Can promote the growth of pig, poultry, fish and shrimp, generally speaking it is a kind of Si effect the good antibacterial medicine and growth dose of high safety. But chicken has very sensitive possibility for it, fish use excessive can also occur poisoning death phenomenon. Yan favourable [ 3 ] in basic bait material in join city sell Kui ethanol 0.01% throw to feed 2 age carp 27 ds, the rate test group of weightening finish than for shine to organize have raised 19.9%, bait material coefficient have droped 19.3%. Kui ethanol in turtle forage in add quantity is 20 normally ¡« 75 mg/kg. Li Zu Hua [ 4 ] difference in young turtle ( 3 ¡« 50 g ) , young turtle ( 50 ¡« 150 g ) , in turtle ( 150 ¡« 250 g ) with become turtle ( 250 ¡« 450 ) base material in add Kui ethanol 50 mg/kg, as a result add group than for shine to organize weightening finish difference raising 20.3%, 25.8%, 15.9% and 7.1%; Forage coefficient difference drop 10%, 10%, 13.1% and 6.4%. As the specifications of turtle increase , Kui ethanol promote long effect more and more not obvious.
3 Chinese herbal medicines promote long additive
The kind of the 3.1 additives of Chinese herbal medicine
The additive of Chinese herbal medicine denotes to add the few or trace groups such as natural animal and plant or mineral kind in forage to divide mainly. 5000 kinds of existing Chinese herbal medicine can be used in additive. Additive of Chinese herbal medicine has no resistance to the action of a drug of chemical medicament , endures property of medicine and medicine harm to remain , can be extensive to be used in various animals, raise animal productivity can, play the part of defence disease promote long role. And the processing convenience and resource of Chinese herbal medicine are rich , have cheap price , are the forage additive of worth-while development application. The preparation kind of Chinese herbal medicine is numerous , is 5 big kinds approximately briefly: Healthy spleen reason angry medicine , Qu insect exclude product medicine and clear heat detoxify medicine, benefit medicine and natural mineral kind of medicine ( wheat meal stone and rare earth etc. ).
3.2 is disease-resistant to promote long effect
Li Zu Hua [ 4 ] the commercialization that applies with the additive of Chinese herbal medicine in two hundreds and ten thousands turtles breed entire course, get notable effect. The additive of Chinese herbal medicine of its R&D is joined by tuber of multiflower knot weed and party , yellow Qi the 11 kinds of etc. composition of medicinal herbs, via the different method of making , then, dry powder is pure , by many experiment the proportion of selection mix even, after 80 eyes, sift , ventilate dry packing for reserve. Add the additive of traditional Chinese medicine respectively young turtle and young turtle , in turtle with become the base material of turtle in, add quantity is 0.5% ¡« 2.0%, as a result add group average weightening finish than for shine to organize difference raising 27.5%, 32.6%, 32.7% and 21.5%, forage coefficient difference drop 11.1%, 11.8%, 12.6% and 8.7%, survival rate raises 6.3%, 6.3%, 4.1% and 4.1% respectively. Promote long effect in young turtle - become the commercialization of turtle breed entire course comparison stabilize.
Chinese herbal medicine is in the turtle ill aspect of prevention and cure , Hunan Yin Shu install [ 5 ] the pure preparation of Chinese herbal medicine of R&D ¡ª turtle Kang treasure, treat stale leather ill, red neck disease , receive the effect that proves satisfactory; Fujian Zhao build to cultivate [ 6 ] adopt Chinese herbal medicine in " snake do not see " , " horses hoof whole " , " bones grass " , " all over the sky star " with the etc. " deer contains grass", develop " dragon turtle precious No.1 ", it broad table and disease-resistant poison have to protect liver , insure kidney , whet the appetite and diminish inflammation , stop bleeding and strengthen the functions such as immunity force, in production practice, have gotten good effect , have now applied extensively in Fuzhou area; The author gets notable effect using the turtle branchia gland scorching disease of Chinese herbal medicine of prevention and cure, and selection makes new prescription, applies the prevention and cure to the disease of various turtle in order to increase the immunity force of turtle and promotes growth, raise forage utilization rate and the survival rate of turtle, realization is healthy to raise turtle , gets better economic benefits. According to now, China is most authoritative , obtains the first class medicine reason of Chinese herbal medicine in " the big dictionary of traditional Chinese medicine " of Chinese dictionary kind of first-class award to take affect, find out to fight the Chinese herbal medicine of germ have 323 kinds, fight fungus have 139 kinds, it is disease-resistant and poisonous to have 57 kinds, can the branchia gland of prevention and cure scorching have 133 kinds, detoxify have 14 kinds, in which, some Chinese herbal medicine has various medicine reason to take affect , can be antibacterial , and can be disease-resistant and poisonous. Can fight fungus , again can the branchia gland of prevention and cure scorching. The selection of the author issue have the kind medicine reason of 2 source4 the major Chinese herbal medicine of role 40 kinds, these is broad, curative effect good, is good in quality and cheap in price , draw material to be easy , use convenient Chinese herbal medicine. In which have clear heat to detoxify medicine honeysuckle, board blue root and big green leaf, company rise , green Dai , Pu public Britain , shoot dry, fish stink grass. Have clear hot dry wet medicine yellow company , yellow Qin, yellow cypress , Yin display. Clear hot cool blood medicine purple perilla, the old man of hoary head and Chinese scholartree are spent. Settle empty hot medicine green punt-pole. Like honeysuckle and board blue root , pass through many etc. have the 4 kinds of medicine reason that takes affect , when using , can consider first as the main medicine of some diseases of prevention and cure. Additionally gallnut , big yellow , smoked plum , Chang Pu , hot Liao wait for antibacterial role also very good. 3.3 role principles
Factory melt the degree of high density breed , make the ability that turtle lives for a long period in very bad, regular variable environment and resists disease more bad, self immunity force drops. Turtle is afraid of Jing fight should surge ability difference, the greedy meal, easy wound and taste of natural disposition make disease break out. And the additive of traditional Chinese medicine presses traditional Chinese medicine to study principle to compound , has healthy spleen to eliminate meal , mends air to raise blood, install supernatural calm, strong bone sharp water dry wet, clear heat detoxify Zhi effect. Can let turtle reduce or avoid these unfavourable factors in growth course , reach the purpose of normal growth; The additive of traditional Chinese medicine contains a lot of nutrition materials , still has various constant element and trace element except containing the rich multidimensional nutrition materials such as carbohydrate, protein and fat, especially Li , tin , Mu , chromium. When making formula feed, inorganic salt additive is nearly impossible to again add , these elements are indispensable for the growth growth heredity of turtle. The additive of traditional Chinese medicine happen to remedy formula feed is below , make formula feed more overall; The additive of traditional Chinese medicine is for the most leather orchid positive bacterium , leather orchid negative bacterium , some deliver illness fungus and few virus have different level restrain and kill to extinguish role. At the same time yellow Qi the etc. raisings such as traditional Chinese medicine not peculiarness immunity ability and the peculiarness immunity of organism, so, have raised the resistance force for germ and virus , is helpful for growth and the health of organism.
4 vitamins
4.1 add vitamin kind and role
General vitamin has fat to dissolve, is sexual to share 14 kinds with water-soluble two kinds, besides VH, other kind home can produce. Fat dissolve sexual vitamin include vitamin A, D, E and K, water-soluble vitamin ,including vitamin B clan and VH are with vitamin C. General fat dissolve sexual vitamin can store in animal body, animal short time is insufficient or lack , it is not easy to arouse to lack disease. Water-soluble vitamin is much to eat row , does not be stored in animal body, animal short time is insufficient or lack , easy appearance lacks disease , must be regular to notice supplement. In formula feed vitamin add quantity though lose comparatively, but the most vitamin is the basic composition of supplement enzyme and supplement base, it participates in metabolism and the biochemical reaction in organism. In organism lack vitamin can arouse some enzyme active imbalances, cause to metabolize the disorder, normal function that affects some organs. Therefore in raising turtle forage, it is necessity to add compound vitamin. According to river Qi justice one [ 7 ] research, in turtle forage, VB6 lacks , nicotinic and VB12 , the growth of turtle is reduced obviously slowly, and folic acid and VB2 with Fan the influence of acid for growth seem not notable. In recent years individual vitamin, especially import, individual vitamin price rises continuously, in each ton of turtle forage, only various vitamin this cost reaches 1000 Yuan around. To reduce cost and adopt reduction, is multidimensional to add the means of quantity , cause B clan vitamin, VE as well as VC in forage low. Domestic and international plenty of research reports confirm , in the degree of high density breed condition take off , turtle should surge sexual disease and white a little disease , Jie more some kinds of vitamins and the common diseases such as sore disease and stale leather disease lack is related closely. Poplar Dian [ 8 ] have passed through increase some B clan vitamins add and do not use antibiotic, have controled young turtle in vain a little disease efficiently stretch. Since factory melts to raise turtle development, accelerates , the various diseases of turtle also grow correspondingly, it is paid attention to highly that in forage, the phenomenon of low vitamin must arouse us.
4.2 meat poisonous sodas
Is more similar than the chemical commpound of B clan vitamin. It is different from antibiotic kind to promote growth dose and kind, promote growth dose, is also different from general egg white with much Tai kind of nutrient. Meat poisonous soda exists in liver organization and the violently veins muscle of animal, but it can strengthen fatty acid to pass through the ability of membrane in line grain body , promotes the metastasis of fatty acid if content is often below , is suitable to measure to add meat poisonous soda, can in raising weight at the same time reduce body fat, improvement meat quality raises forage utilization rate. Wu obey Lin etc. [ 9 ] adopt the fish shrimp No.4 with major composition of meat poisonous soda promote long dose and VC-2 - assemble Lin sour fat, and have applied efficiently shell iodine amine and is multidimensional to reply ( VD3, VB6 and VE ), for valuing the young turtle with specifications around 12 g have carried out 22 d raise experiment. As a result the effect of weightening finish with the fish shrimp No.4 that contains meat poisonous soda promote long dose comparison notable, grow up speed than for shine to organize have raised 27.5% ¡« 36.6%, forage coefficient and forage protein consumption have droped 26% ¡« 30%. Optimum level add quantity is 2000 mg/kg. VC fat and shell iodine amine and multidimensional reply for turtle promote long role not quite obvious. Besides, allow the people to be strong to wait ( 1997 ) in Japanese eel Li forage in add meat poisonous soda ( L that contains 50% - meat poisonous soda ), for eel, the weightening finish of body has positive influence. With do not add meat poisonous soda compare group compare , after adding the meat poisonous soda of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg in forage Japanese eel Li absolute weightening finish difference difference increase 68% and 28%; At the same time, forage coefficient reduces 8% and 10% respectively; In forage, poison soda by addition of the meat of 200 mg/kg, eel Li growth performance join 400 mg/kg comparatively more good.
4.3 compound vitamins
Open domestic country etc. [ 10 ] use various vitamin press not together prescription make 4 kinds of compound vitamin additive, part with 0.5% add quantity Chan enter basic forage in, make 4 kinds of test forage; Use test forage Si feed young turtle 25 d, observe to promote growth effect. Experiment divides into two issue ( 1995 and 1996 each first phases ) to go on , shows as a result by selection and duplicate tests, the multidimensional compound vitamin additive No. 3 have notable promote long effect. Throw to feed the forage of the multidimensional compound vitamin additive No. 3, the young turtle rate of weightening finish than for shine to organize raising 29.29%, forage coefficient reduces 19.38%.
4.4 vitamin Fs
Vitamin F ( necessary fatty acid ), is single do not saturate fatty acid with many do not saturate the total name of the gene of fatty acid. Animal body can not biological synthetic vitamin F in body, therefore must offer with additional way. Vitamin F ,including inferior oil acid and flax are sour with peanut 4 Xi acid. If in ration, lacking this kind of necessary fatty acid, for the property that can change skin make growth get obstacle as well as reduction forage transformation rate. Do not saturate the relation of fatty acid with vitamin E very close, and the needs of animal for vitamin F are measured again must on the same day grain in contain do not saturate fatty acid appearance match. Jiangsu Wu Jiang Shi dragon Xin the formula feed of group in three-hundreds thousands turtles in add with vitamin F mainly with promote long dose, the growth speed of turtle accelerates obviously, in greenhouse the 30 of constant temperature ¡æ young turtle process 9 months raise , average specifications reach the merchandise turtle more than 400 g and 500 gs to make pool rate, is as high as 48% and the 95% of survival rate more, Si consume to low, bait material coefficient is 1.34 only. German Berlin university nutrition expert research is discovered , natural fish forage phytolankton and zooplankton have to contain n ¡ª 3 and n ¡ª 6 serieses do not saturate fatty acid, especially inferior oil acid with flax acid. Fish is for the necessary fatty acid in formula feed ( 18: 3 n ¡ª 3 and 18: 2 n ¡ª 6 ) needs quantity depend on fish different, the fatty content in forage has influence for energy use, forage protein and the growth of fish. For rainbow, trout throws to feed, contain the forage of fat kind of 5%, 13% and 24%, discover fish oil for the fish body composition influence of fatty acid notable. For 64 high lipoprotein blood diseases patient consumption have to contain n ¡ª the 3 forages of fatty acid the fish that raises , measure the 3 glycerine sour ester contents and cholesterol in patient serum to reduce. Hypertension patient eats the carp of 100 g everyday, succession two weeks later curative effect notable. After mouse takes the oil of silver carp, blood pressure and the fat kind in serum drop. Show that fish is prevention and the nutrition food of the effective treatment pipe disease of painstaking effort.
5 trace elements
The needs of 5.1 trace elements are measured
The trace element of necessary animal has both sides , is nutritional ( biology role ) with toxicity. The dosage reaction pattern of animal for necessary trace element shows that is biological effective district ( minimum needs quantity ) , physiological steady permanent district with poison district ( highest tolerate quantity ), minimum needs quantity is prevent animal produce the needs that lack disease quantity; Highest endure by quantity is often the upper limit of steady permanent district, for safety the upper limit of dosage; In minimum needs quantity with highest endure between quantity is suitable supply quantity. Generally speaking, the poisoning dosage of iron, zinc and manganese is equivalent to the 50 times that need to measure , their safe range big, on production mixed juice the problems such as quantity the possibility that occurs poisoning not large. Gu , iodine etc. use quantity though lose , but safe range also does not be easy to be poisoned normally than width. Have only Xi with copper must pay attention especially, Xi is drama poison quality, in which, poisonous dosage is 3 narrow safe range5 mg/kg for the poultry of domestic animal , has , its pellet is thick, it is not accurate to measure or mix not even metropolis to arouse poisoning. For copper, when using high copper, is close to with quantity and poisoning dosage , must pay attention especially when using. It is been that the foreign scholar of trace element of fish forage recommends to measure ( mg/kg ): Gu 0.05, copper 5, iron 40, iodine 2 and manganese 15 , Xi 0.2 and zinc 30. The premix of trace element is 0.05% 0.5%1.0%0.5% abroad normally with quantity , is domestic and general to be.
5.2 Xi application research
Xi is the necessary trace element of animal life, have been people recognized. Fact authenticator and animal is short of Xi not only affect growth growth, reduce immunity disease-resistant ability, decreasing breeds to give birth to and can arouse peculiar lack disease and deliver Ji , carcinogenic , deliver the various diseases such as sudden change. So human body and the poultry fish of domestic animal is short of Xi or low Xi necessary prompt supplement. What deserve to be noticed is that our country has half population , 2/3 area is in to be short of Xi or low Xi region. Now extensive use mend Xi method is use inorganic Xi ¡ª inferior Xi sour sodium( Na2SeO3) action breed the necessary nutrition element of animal, but because of inferior Xi sour sodium is drama poison quality, after taking , reaction is improper , dosage does not be easy to control , biological utilization rate is not ideal, one can arouse poisoning excessively , especially young age animal, it is more sensitive. In 1977, American National Research Council ( NRC ) issue " warm water fish nutrition needs ", point out inferior Xi sour sodium in forage in add quantity is 0.15 mg/kg. In 1984 former our country prohibit to use inferior Xi sour sodium, because inferior Xi sour sodium is drama poison quality, it the critical limit value in air is 0.2 mg/m3. In the aspect of the poultry of domestic animal, abroad scholar recommendation " Xi " add quantity is pig 0.10.3 mg/kg, chicken 0.3 mg/kg, duck 0.15 mg/kg and fish 0.2 mg/kg. Our country 1984 for " the nutrition needs of domestic fowl " put forward " Xi " can use 0.1 mg/kg. Xi main effect: Xi is grain Guang sweet Tai the composition part after oxidize enzyme ( GSH-PX ), this kind of enzyme but will restore after oxidize fat kind, prevent that this kind of toxin accumulates in body; If regard as vitamin E to fight the first road defence line of oxidize contain Xi grain Guang sweet Tai oxidize enzyme is second road defence line. The research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences of ecological environment is central to study to develop Xi sour fat much sugar ( organic Xi ), action mend Xi carrier and inorganic Xi compare , it is more helpful for organism to absorb , has also low toxicity. According to medicine toxicity test inorganic Xi inferior Xi sour sodium toxicity big, mouse LD5012. 7 mg/kg; And organic Xi Xi sour fat much sugar low poison, mouse LD50382mg/kg, little mouse LD50716mg/kg. In animal experiment organic Xi absorption level is inorganic Xi 3 times, and organization distribution has also higher quantity. In examining for having a competition , it is active to fight free base ( relative percentage ) organic Xi 371, inorganic Xi 100; For the stability of red blood cell ( relative percentage ) organic Xi 100, inorganic Xi is 25 only. Therefore organic Xi can replace inorganic completely Xi. Because of organic Xi make the fat much sugar of sulphuric acid be with trace element Xi organic combination, have nutrition and strengthen immunity role and good biology but use and physiological gain effect. This system law have obtained national invention patent, have filled a blank of forage industry. Now use Xi sour fat much sugar is major raw material, develop the new product that developed the forage additive " the treasure of domestic animal is No. 1 ", the appraisal that had through Department of Agriculture organized , national forage supervisor detection central certificate of proof, already batch production, put in market. Beijing west suburb farm carries out the experiment of weightening finish with the forage additive of " the precious No.1 of domestic animal " for young turtle to get notable effect, they put the young turtle specifications that raised , add for 5 g and 18 density / m2s to measure for the forage of 1 g/kg, per separate 15 d in forage in add one times, by the experiment of 90 d, as a result test group than for shine to organize the raising of weightening finish 55.56%, survival rate also makes 21.17% high.
The precious No.1 of Table 1 of domestic animal is for the effect of weightening finish of young turtle
Table1 Increasing amount effect with Xubao1 to seeding of soft-shelled turtle
Organize other Put to raise young turtle Survive quantity The / of survival rate % Test date Count / d in day In average weight / g
Test group 5440 5100 93.75 96/8/1~96/11/1 90 75 ¡À2.5
Comparing with group 6200 4500 72.58 50 ¡À7.5
6 Reunite Mei preparation
Early in 50 decade, abroad, scholar begins to add the research of enzyme preparation in forage , but be in test stage always. 70 decade is begun , America is first being small-scale in forage to add enzyme preparation , has gotten notable effect used in the utilization rate that raises forage. The enzyme preparation application of our country studies from 80 decade, what present application is more is that in the poultry of domestic animal breed , it promotes length with raising disease-resistant ability equivalent use have been already confirmed extensively, the application report in aquaculture is very few. Liu Wen Bin [ 11 ] application compound enzyme preparation add in turtle forage, discuss compound enzyme preparation for turtle breed the influence of effect. Pass through 71 d raise test result: Add the import compound enzyme preparation of 0.2% and the compound enzyme preparation made in China of 0.1% and 0.2%, is growing again rate test group than for shine to organize raising 40.9%, 29.6% and 27.0%; And the country that adds 0.3% produces compound enzyme preparation, is growing again rate test group than for shine to organize reduce 21.7% on the contrary. General merchandise enzyme preparation add quantity scope the 0.05% on the poultry of domestic animal ¡« 0.15% between, a | | | | | |
